The Nature of the Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The Nature of the Industry - Essay Example This paper implies to decide the idea of the building and development industry in UK. The designing and development is considered as one of the most intricate and unsafe type of enterprises. This includes different workforces from talented to untalented since it involves extraordinary and various scopes of exercises beginning from the plan to development stage just as during the gainful utilization of the constructed condition. Fundamentally, building and development includes unpredictable and basic activity process. Thus, it incorporates different development faculty who cooperates so as to finish an assembled structure dependent on client’s determinations, costs, time and building standard quality. For the most part, the group is comprises of the accompanying staff: Architect, Mechanical and Electricity Engineer, Site-Based Cost Control Surveyor, Site Engineer and Site-Based Environmental chief. As refered to in APUC, these faculty have their own particular undertakings and obligations to act in each phase of the fabricated condition activities and they are the ones responsible and subject to these errands on the off chance that blunders or deformities rose. In building and development, the draftsman plays an extremely pivotal and significant job since he/she will lead the structure and arranging group of the constructed condition venture. The modeler is the one responsible in the conceptualization of the structure up to the arrangement of point by point floor plans and sets of building development drawing structures which is important to begin the real development of the undertaking. The motivation behind the structure phase of building development is to coordinate the prerequisites indicated by the customer as per the task spending plan and timescale just as to survey the conceivable event of configuration dangers. Likewise, it is additionally the duty of the planner to look the general coordination of the assembled condition configuration including space arranging, appearance, and materials/gear utilized in development and the furniture to be put in the constructed structure upon its finishing. The draftsman will work connected at the hip with the site engineer during the development stage to guarantee that all the prerequisites determined in the plan are appropriately introduced and ready to meet the client’s structure inclinations (APUC, 2007). Mechanical and Electricity Engineer The mechanical and power engineer is the one answerable in guaranteeing that the electrical and mechanical offices and gear to be introduced in the fabricated condition are naturally manageable which highlights vitality productivity use. The reason for existing is to limit the utilization of vitality to diminish/lessen carbon outflow. Moreover, the M and E Engineer is additionally the one answerable in the estimation of cost identified with his/her particular undertaking, which thusly sent to the Cost Control Surveyor for cost arranging. The M and E Engineer will intently work with the Architect and Site Engineer so as to guarantee that the

What are the conditions of American Culture that are on display during Essay

What are the states of American Culture that are in plain view during the time of 1968 - Essay Example In such manner, the part of American life showed in this film incorporates the social liberties development saw in the United States during this period. The film portrays the degree to which the social liberties demonstration of 1964 was appropriate in the American setting. In the film, it is obvious that the death of the social equality Act of 1964 didn't assume a focal job in taking care of the greater part of the issues looked by the American Blacks. For instance, Tibbs isn't served pie in view of his racial alliance and is even approached to leave the eatery. Such a demonstration shows, that, even with the section of the social liberties act, racial separation was as yet predominant in the United States (Wojcik 172). The film likewise shows how polite freedoms were denied to some American residents by virtue of their skin shading. The film is a delineation of the various battles by African Americans to increase equivalent portrayal with the whites. The film likewise demonstrates how future race relations in the United States will be. Clearly, the film shows that, later on, racial separation in the United States will reach a conclusion. This comes out obviously when there are changes in the connection among Bill and Virgil (Wojcik 173). In the film â€Å"the graduate†, there is a portrayal of parts of American culture that identify with dynamic legislative issues during the 1960s. The film delineates a romantic tale, yet in addition the policy driven issues that took focus in the American culture, particularly during the 1960s. In the film, parts of American culture, for example, division and separation are normal. A portion of the mental angles that the film delineates incorporate observation, just as discords, which identify with the issue of discernment. A portion of the characters in the film endeavor to make some type of partition with the outside world. For instance, Ben endeavors to connect the holes that outcome from the division that radiates

Using Tai Chi for Increasing Your Productivity

Using Tai Chi for Increasing Your Productivity We all have slumps, or those periods where we do not feel like doing anything, or the circumstances seem to go against us actually being able to do something. At times like these, we look for ways to get back to normal operating condition. In an attempt to fix this, we can easily get to the point that we are desperate to find ways and means to avoid them, especially when we feel our productivity slipping, and so do our bosses and colleagues at work.Sometimes, we can do it on our own from experience. We have our special methods in place to perk us right up and get back to being productive. During other times, well, we resort to seeking professional help. Maybe we are becoming too stressed at work, due to the pressures piled on us at every turn.Perhaps it has something to do with our personal issues getting in the way of our professional life, such that our work is becoming affected.So we go out, we effect changes on our lifestyle, and we even make an effort to surround ourselves with only positive things. We cut back on some bad habits, and try to develop better ones. We seek the help of other people and, in other instances, we even reach out to help others, in the hopes that the positive vibes will rebound and affect us positively.We all have our ways. Some work, others don’t. The point is, we have to keep trying. One of the more popular methods that people are starting to turn to more and more these days is tai chi. © Shutterstock | hxdbzxyThis guide will provide you with 1) an overview of Tai Chi, 2) how Tai Chi and productivity are interlinked, and 3) how to improve productivity using Tai Chi.AN OVERVIEW OF TAI CHIHow many times have you heard someone describe tai chi as “that weird Chinese thing that’s supposed to calm you”? It seems that there is also this general perception that, once you start practicing tai chi, you can easily start busting out all those martial arts moves that people have seen in many Bruce Lee movies.Clearly, no matter how popular tai chi has become, especially in recent years, not a lot of people still fully grasp what it is, exactly.Tai chi is an internal martial art that originated thousands of years ago in China, tracing its roots back to qigong, an ancient discipline on traditional Chinese medicine. It started out as a martial art, but it is now gaining more recognition for the health benefits that it provides.Think “martial arts” and you will immediatel y imagine someone delivering punches and high kicks. You can also find them in tai chi, but they are executed in slow and gentle, meditative body movements, so that the person practicing tai chi moves gracefully, with flowing and uninterrupted motions.The movements in tai chi make use of internal energy, which is referred to as the qi. The qi is the life force, the intrinsic energy in the body. Once the qi moves in a smooth manner, it creates a balance within the body, resulting to good health. The purpose of studying and practicing tai chi is to balance one’s qi and make it flow smoothly and in a balanced manner.Start today with some beginner moves. Types of Tai ChiBriefly, there are three major tai chi styles currently being practiced. The traditional forms of these styles normally have around a hundred movements, but as the practice of tai chi became more widespread, there were variations applied.They were made to be “simpler”, or with lesser movements, but no less demandin g and effective.Yang â€" Instead of 108 movements, only 24 movements are used in this style, although it is still quite taxing and demanding, since the movements require a person to maintain a wide stance, and on bent knees, the entire time, even while transferring weight from one leg to the other.Wu â€" This is considered to be the gentler version of the Yang style. The number of movements range from 24 to 36, and the stance is not as wide. This means that the person does not have to keep his knees bent while practicing it. This is highly recommended for beginners to tai chi, and those who are practicing it because they simply want to improve their balance.Tai chi chih â€" This has lesser number of movements â€" only 20 â€" and, just like the Wu style, has a narrow stance. It is less demanding too because transfer of weight from leg to leg is not as frequent or as intensive as in the other two styles.I found some really cool information on all the 24 movements of Yang. This is more for the advanced Tai Chi people. Benefits of Tai ChiWe have already made mention of how tai chi is seen as a good tool for improving one’s health. But how does it do it, exactly? And what are the other benefits that one can get from practicing tai chi?Physical fitness and strength trainingTai chi increases flexibility and strengthens one’s muscles, joints and tendons. Even athletes include tai chi in their training and fitness regimens because it has been found to be effective in strengthening their core, increasing their endurance and improving their overall fitness levels.Treatment of various diseases and health problemsAlthough some straitlaced scientific minds would argue the lack of scientific evidence that tai chi  directly aids in the treatment of various health problems and conditions, it is becoming a universally accepted fact that tai chi does contribute to these treatments â€" if not directly, then at least indirectly.The mere fact that it helps boost the immune syst em is already a good sign that it can actually help in treating health problems.Some of the conditions that are said to benefit from tai chi are:Heart and other cardiovascular diseasesHypertension and high blood pressureDigestive disordersVarious types of cancersArthritis, rheumatism and other joint problems[slideshare id=53284494doc=3c6cf355-3520-438a-982d-0defe36aff07-150928161337-lva1-app6892w=640h=330]Improvement of sense of balanceOne of the most apparent effects of tai chi is improved balance.The body will start to adapt graceful and flowing movements, so there are lesser chances of falling and sustaining fall-related injuries such as fractures and bone breakages.The improved hand-eye coordination and body movements will increase the body’s adaptability and alertness, so the person can break his fall more effectively.Stress managementMany people who are experiencing depression, overwork, fatigue, and high levels of stress and anxiety are advised to practice tai chi. If you n otice, even the slightest change in one’s breathing can have a positive effect on your stress levels.Think of tai chi as taking it a step further, improving the connection between your mind and body, and promoting calmness and serenity.Increase in self-confidenceIf a person is constantly stressed out, always afraid of falling over, or is dealing with various illnesses and health issues, then they are bound to have problems regarding their self-confidence.According to many tai chi practitioners, they have noticed a boost in their confidence once they started practicing this art. It also motivated them to continue seeking improvement in their physical, mental and emotional health.One advantage of tai chi is the fact that it so low-impact, it can be practiced even by people in their advanced ages. Older people are apprehensive about the idea of exercising because of the toll it might take on their joints, muscles and tendons. Tai chi puts very minimal stress on these areas, and there is a very low risk of sustaining injury while practicing it.Also, not everyone can afford paying the gym membership fees to have a fitness regimen in place. In addition, their schedules may not permit them going to and from the gym several times a week just to get a couple of hours of exercise. Tai chi can be practiced practically anywhere, even in the comfort of your (cramped) living room.TAI CHI AND PRODUCTIVITYTai chi may be one of the last things you would expect to talk about in the context of your work or at your workplace, but you will be surprised to know that many companies are now encouraging the practice of tai chi among their employees. Clearly, they are recognizing how tai chi can help in improving their employees’ morale and disposition and increasing their productivity.In a study conducted by researchers of the University of Vermont, they investigated the effects of tai chi on a group of older nurses, with an average age of 54. The first group of nurses attended ta i chi classes once a week for 15 weeks. During that period, they practiced for at least 10 minutes on their own, whenever they have a break. The second group, on the other hand, did not take any tai chi classes at all.The result? The first group registered zero sick leaves and tardiness. The nurses were also able to demonstrate versatility as they have shown that they can take on additional functions without problems at all. The same could not be said for the second group, though, because it was revealed that they incurred absenteeism totaling 49 hours. These hours were already indicative of a decrease in productivity.So what is the link between productivity and this ancient Chinese martial art?That link is stress, and its management.A healthy and happy workforce is a productive workforce. If a worker is healthy, he has more energy to put into the performance of his tasks. If he is satisfied and has a positive outlook, he will be more motivated to perform better, and produce better results.Therefore, if a company wants to achieve its business goals with the help of its employees, it has to help its employees have a better balance between their work and their personal lives.Stress gets in the way of making clear and rational decisions, and even interrupts how we implement these decisions. Stressed employees also find it difficult to find satisfaction in their work, and this makes work an ordeal, and not something that they particularly look forward to doing.So now you see more and more employers implementing health and wellness programs for its employees. They introduce exercise and fitness programs that their workers can participate in, and even give them incentives to participate in these programs. They set up fitness gyms at an area in their offices where their employees could put in some exercise time. They devote several days in a month for sports and recreation activities. In some companies, they introduce new disciplines, tai chi being one of them.The ma in equation is simple: tai chi manages stress which, in turn, makes you perform better and, as a result, improve your productivity.But there are other ways that tai chi can be contributory to increased productivity.Tai chi encourages you to listen and work with the people and other forces around you, instead of going against them. This promotes synergy at work.Tai chi boosts immunity and strengthens your physical and emotional self, so you can put in more hours at work when needed. It also reduces the number of sick leaves incurred by employees.Tai chi improves concentration and mental focus, as well as memory. These are essential when making decisions at work.Tai chi improves relationships among employees. They will be more inclined to work as part of a team, and this will definitely result in a better performance, both individually and collectively.Tai chi improves the quality of sleep. This keeps employees more invigorated to take on another workday ahead.Tai chi adds an element of fun to one’s daily routine, so it breaks the monotony, especially in a workplace whose processes are repetitive by nature.HOW TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH TAI CHIAs a worker or an employee, you cannot rely entirely on the programs that management sets out for its employees. Even if the company does not have a tai chi program in place, we suggest that you make the effort personally.You will be a more improved, healthier and happier person if you do.Here are some ways that tai chi can help increase your productivity.Keep an open mind, particularly about tai chi.It is a fact that not everyone understands the essence and principles of tai chi. In fact, it is almost expected that the idea will meet some cynicism. Others even conclude that it is boring, since it is mostly performed in silence, and the movements are very slow.But you should keep an open mind, especially if you are determined to improve your work/life balance, and become a more productive employee.Join a tai chi cla ss.This is your first step towards using tai chi to become a better employee. First, look within your company if there are existing programs for it. If there is none within your organization, you have to look outside. Fortunately, it is now easier to find places that offer Tai Chi classes.If you cannot find a class near you, you have another option, and that is to purchase instructional videos that you can follow when you are at home. This is a good way to get started, at least until a better opportunity for a tai chi class comes around.Find a tai chi buddy, preferably a co-worker.You know how, when working out at the gym or going out for runs, you find yourself looking for a workout buddy? You can also try looking for a tai chi buddy.It would be a better idea if the tai chi buddy that you find is another employee or another person that you work with. This way, you are in the same wavelength, and you will feel more motivated in your practice, since you have someone with you who thin ks and feels the same way.Practice whenever you can, wherever you can.The beauty of tai chi is that you can do it anywhere and at any time.So even if you are attending tai chi classes at designated times during the week, there is nothing stopping you from practicing it during your breaks, or whenever you feel like you need to brush away some negative vibes.They call these “mini tai chi breaks”. Even practicing it for 5 to 10 minutes a day, at least 4 days a week, will give you positive results.Be patient, and persevere.Tai chi cannot be learned overnight. It might take you a while before you can get the hang of it and, even then, you will not be able to master it immediately. That is all right. Tai chi is one long learning process, so it requires patience on your part.When you decide to practice tai chi, presumably for health reasons at first, you will soon realize that its benefits are more far-reaching than that.You will notice an improved harmonious relationship with other pe ople and with the world in general. You will feel more fulfillment, and this will make you even more productive. You may not know it, but tai chi may even be the tool that will bring you to the professional success that you have been aiming for.

Making Invitations Tutorial for English Learners

Invitations are a fun and useful conversational tool in the English language. They combine socialization and inquiry practices in order to ask someone to join you for an activity or event. Invitations generally replace a direct and rigid can you request with a more polite and flexible would you like question. This allows the person you are inviting to either accept or decline your proposal. Inviting is a versatile technique that can be applied to both formal or informal situations. Whether to ask a loved one to join you at a special event or request the honor of your employers presence in your home, you will need to master the skill of making invitations as part of your journey learning to speak English. Find out everything there is to know about making invitations here. Invitation Phrases to Use Some invitations work better than others in certain scenarios and the best phrase to use is generally dependent on the nature of an exchange. Your relationship with the person you are proposing an invitation to determines the required level of formality. For example, you should make casual invitations to your best friends and formal invitations to business clients. Try the following informal and formal invitation phrases to get started. Informal Sometimes you just want to ask someone else to do something with you without making any additional promises or commitments. To make a casual invitation, use some of the following phrases. Do you want infinitive verb?Do you want to have a drink with me?Why dont we verb?Why dont we go out for dinner?Lets verb.Lets go away this weekend.How about verb -ing?How about going to a movie? When you want to communicate to someone that you plan to fund or otherwise coordinate an activity, indicate this with a phrase that provides more context about your invitation and/or the event. These phrases let a person know that they will not need to pay if they choose to accept your invitation because you will be assuming financial responsibility. Im buying.Lets get a drink. Im buying.My treat.Why dont we have breakfast. My treat.Its on me.Lets go celebrate with dinner. Its on me.Youre my guest. (usually accompanied by an offer to pay)No, Ill pay the tab. Youre my guest. Formal Phrases When a situation calls for more formality, use proper phrases like these to maintain an elevated level of respect and politeness. Would you like infinitive verb?Would you like to attend the performance with me?Id like to ask you infinitive verb.Id like to ask you to attend the open ceremonies next week.It would be my pleasure if you would verb.It would be my pleasure if you would join us for dinner tonight.May I have the honor of your verb -ing?May we have the honor of your presence at dinner on Friday? How to Respond to an Invitation You also need to learn how to respond to an invitation when someone makes a proposal to you. The most important thing to remember when responding to an invitation is to always thank the person making the invitation, even if you know you are going to have to decline it. This is merely as a courtesy to the person inviting you. Here are some of the most common forms of accepting an invitation. Thank you very much, Ill be there.Thank you very much for offering to have me tomorrow. Ill be there.That would be nice.Joining you for dinner would be nice, thanks for offering.Id love to.Id love to come with you to the party.Sure, that would be great! (informal)Sure, it would be great to see everyone again! If you are unable to accept an invitation, respond using one of the following polite phrases. Thank you, but Im afraid I cant.Thank you for the invitation to your gallery opening, but Im afraid I cant go because I will be out of town. Maybe next time.I wont be able to come due to another engagement.We appreciate the wedding invitation but wont be able to come due to another engagement. We send all our love.I wish I could, but Ive already agreed to...I wish I could come and see you perform, but Ive already agreed to babysit my niece that evening.Sorry, but I have a conflicting commitment and dont think Ill make it.Sorry, but I have a conflicting commitment that day and dont think Ill make it to your open house. Example Dialogues The following example dialogues show what an informal and formal invitation might look like in conversation. Notice the responses of both the person being invited and the person making the invitation. Informal Person 1: Lets go out shopping tonight. Person 2: Yes, lets do it. Person 1: Should we get some dinner too? Person 2: That sounds like fun! Formal Person 1: May I have the honor of accompanying you to the benefit this evening?Person 2: Thank you for asking. Yes, that would be very nice. Person 1: Shall I pick you up?Person 2: Yes please, I appreciate the offer. Practice Scenarios Find a partner and practice proposing invitations in different scenarios. Use a variety of phrases to gain experience using many types of invitations. Consider the formality of your imagined exchange before deciding what invitation is best. After you have practiced proposing invitations, switch with your friend and practice accepting invitations. Try making invitations in these practice scenarios: Invite your boss over for dinner next week.Invite an old friend out for a drink/meal.Invite your grandmother to visit you in your new home.Invite your brother or sister over to watch a movie.Invite a work client to have lunch with you.

To what extent did British Post-War Immigration Policy pacify or appease racism in society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5655 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category History Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Racism Essay Did you like this example? This dissertation will examine in detail the extent to which Britishpost-war immigration policy was used to pacify or appease racism in British society. As point of reference the following definition of racism is used: the overt and covert determination of actions, attitudes or policies by beliefs about racial characteristic saccompanied by racist theories (Abercrombie, Hall Turner, 2000,p. 286). Racism in Britain was partly due to wishing to keep foreignersout especially non-whites and also ignorance of the cultures of theBlack and Asian people that had been part of the British Empire andoften held British passports. In 1948 the Atlee government surveyed public opinion about views on race and found that many whites believed that coloured people were promiscuous head hunters gifted at witchcraft and black magic with several wives each, surely an indictment of the British education system. It is no wonder with preconceptions like that there was always a sizable minori ty of whites who favouredrestricting immigration and others that all non white immigrants andtheir British born children or grandchildren should be repatriated(Eatwell, 2003, p. 331). As shall be discussed in detail the British immigration policy during the post-war period has been changed from the open door policy towards all Commonwealth citizens to a tightening of immigration controls arguably if not always explicitly to restrict the number of non whiteimmigrants into the country. Governments are the key decision-makerson immigration policy and providing they have complete control overlegislation can encourage or restrict immigration whenever they want to. British governments are no exception to this, although they can beinfluenced by social, political and economic considerations. For much of the post-war era British governments were free to change immigration policy in any way they saw fit. However governments are susceptible to public opinion and prevailing social attitudes be they progressive orregressive in nature (Evans Newnham, 1998, p. 242). The immigration of Blacks and Asians into Britain was not a new phenomena experienced for the first time after 1945. In fact immigration had happened on a small scale for hundreds of years yetremained hardly noticed by the majority of the British society. Blacksand Asians had come to Britain for various reasons including the slavetrade, being members of the merchant navy and the Royal Navy or thesearch for better lives and jobs. Britain had dominated the slavetrade by transporting African slaves to the West Indies and theAmericas before abolishing the trade itself in the early 1800s. Theslave traders did not seem to have a racist motive in catchingAfricans; they just went for the people they could catch most easily.The legacy of the slave trade and the empire was that the white Britishtended to regard themselves as being better than the Black and Asianpeople they ruled. The slave trade had certainly helped to fundBritain’s economic and imperial expansion and meant Britains imperialsubjects would the have right to British citizenship. With Britishcitizenship came the right to immigrate to Britain whether on apermanent basis or just for a temporary stay. Before 1945 the people ofthe new Commonwealth did not lack the rights to immigrate to Britainjust the desire or the incentive. Racism was not seen as a problemthat British society suffered from (Ramdin, 1999, pp.10-11). After the First World War the British government had not needed Blackand Asian immigrants to help with reconstruction. As well as therebeing no official encouragement for immigration the poor shape of theBritish economy meant there was little chance of employment forimmigrants or for all the white men demobilized from the armed forces.In fact unemployment was high for much of the 1920s and got even higherwith the onset of the depression after 1929. During this periodBritain did not tighten up its open door pol icy to immigration from theEmpire. Yet when there was 2 million unemployed and immigrants wouldnot have qualified for unemployment benefits Britain was not anattractive county to immigrate to (Pearce, 1992, p. 20). Thoseimmigrants that did arrive in Britain found that the harsher economicconditions meant that more were opposed to their entry because ofracism as well as the selfish desire to keep all jobs for themselves.Not all immigrants had bad experiences of living in Britain. Around400 Asians had settled in Glasgow and forged strong relationships withthe local Scots especially with their contribution to the war effortduring the Second World War (Ramdin, 1999, p. 139). Black and Asianpeople made vital contributions to the British war effort not onlythrough their military and naval service but also by producing greaterquantities of food plus other important supplies. In military termsthe war had stretched Britain to its limit yet without African, WestIndian and Indian forces the si tuation would have been worse. Thoseformer Black soldiers, sailors and aircrew believed their wartimeservice alone entitled them to immigrate to Britain if they wanted to(Hines, 1998, p.20). London was a beacon to those that immigrated to Britain or passingthrough during naval and military service, as it was the imperial andeconomic centre of the British empire (Okokon, 1998, p. 8). Theemergence of the British Union of Fascists in the 1930s showed thatthere was support for racist ideas in Britain although at that timeBritish Jews were the main targets of the BUF’s rhetoric and hatred.None of its members would have been averse to attacking ordiscriminating against Black and Asian immigrants. In the post-warera racists have happily supported the National Front and the BritishNational Party (Pearce, 1992, p. 114). Those Black communities inBritain were familiar with racism and violent attacks. For instancethere had been race riots against the Black people that lived in theTig er Bay area of Cardiff in 1919 as the dock owners tried to barBlacks from working (Ramdin, 1999, p. 141). However after the Second World War the incoming Atlee governmentrealized that Britain faced a serious shortage of labour. That shortagewas solved by encouraging Black and Asian people in the newCommonwealth to immigrate to Britain to fill the vacant jobs and bringtheir families with them. The Atlee government had not seen racism, asa problem that should dictate changes in its immigration policy and foralmost a decade neither did its Conservative successors. After allBlack and Asian immigrants legally had the same rights as white fellowcitizens (although in practice discrimination restricted their rights)and there was by and large work for them. The government even got theformer Prime Minister Winston Churchill to encourage West Indians toimmigrate to Britain. Winston Churchill was well respected in the WestIndies, a respect that seemed to mutual as he regarded many WestIndian s as been model citizens that could help the reconstruction ofBritain and build themselves better careers and lives at the same time(Hines, 1998, p.14). Black and Asian immigrants were wanted to fillthe vacancies that the white British either did not wish to fill or ifthere were not enough whites to fill the vacancies. Black immigrantswere recruited in large numbers as bus drivers and industrial workers.They went all over Britain where ever there were jobs available. Thecreation of the National Health Service (NHS) meant that more Blackworkers were needed often men to be porters and women to beauxiliaries, cleaners or nurses. At the start of the post war periodBritish immigration policy was open door towards Commonwealth citizenswho were free to live and work in Britain as long as they could affordthe air or more often the sea passage over. Many of the firstgeneration of immigrants hoped to make enough in Britain to return homewith their families (Gardiner and Wenborn, 1995, p. 188) . Asian immigrants were mainly recruited to work within the textileindustry in places such as Bradford, Blackburn and Oldham. WhereasBlack immigrants were usually Christians and were not too culturallydifferent from the white population, Asian immigrants usually haddifferent religions and were culturally distinct. However none of theseimmigrants could hide their skin colour and found they were not alwayswelcome frequently facing racism and discrimination. Britain hadgranted independence to India in 1947, that was partitioned into India,East and West Pakistan. The citizens of these new countries alongsideall other Commonwealth citizens were at that point free to immigrate toBritain and entitled to claim British citizenship. These rights werelegally enshrined in the Nationalities Act of 1948 when economic selfinterest was more apparent than racism or any perceived need to appeaseor reduce it (Schama, 2002, p. 550). Large numbers of Asian immigrantsbrought multiculturalism to Britai n. They also brought the Islamic,Hindu and Sikh religions too (Abercrombie, Hill Turner, 2000, p.232). Better-educated Asians would also join the NHS as doctors anddentists or become solicitors. Yet the majority of Black and Asianimmigrants were only allowed to take semi or unskilled jobs (even ifthey were capable of more skilled work) that began to become scarcertowards the end of the 1950s. Thus reducing the economic urgency ofcontinuing open door immigration policy (Schama, 2002, p. 550). Once larger numbers of immigrants arrived in Britain they found thatalthough employment was readily available their opportunities wererestricted and they faced both overt and covert racism. Some areas weremore receptive to the new arrivals whereas other areas were down righthostile. British governments had hoped that the Black and Asianimmigrants would eventually assimilate and integrate into Britishsociety as previous white immigrants had done. However this becameincreasingly unlikely as a result both of racism and the desire ofimmigrants to retain their cultural and religious identities. Unlikeearlier Irish and Eastern European immigrants whose children mightescape prejudice as they were white, Black and Asian immigrants knewthat they and future generations would face ongoing racism. Racismappeared to be strongest in the areas where immigration had been mostconcentrated. These areas were the inner cities of London, Birmingham,Manchester and Glasgow amongst others. These areas were also the onesthat tended to have the worst housing, health and education provision.Some whites were more than happy to mix with Black and Asian aswitnessed by the success of the Notting Hill carnival. However therewere also racists that caused tension and wanted immigration halted andperhaps even reversed. The presence of racism would mean thatgovernments had to decide whether to counter, pacify or appease it bychanging immigration policy, introducing race relations legislation orchanging l aw and order considerations. Racists were and are voters andas both the Conservative and Labour parties believed that inner cityand marginal seats could be vital to winning elections they wereprepared to change immigration policy if they felt that was necessary.Changes to immigration policy since the 1960s amply demonstrate thatthe Conservative and Labour leadership were prepared to pacify andappease racism to win or retain power at general elections. TheConservatives were probably more prepared to do so as they believedthat many Blacks and Asians either voted Labour or did not vote at all(Watson, 1997, p. 423). Winston Churchill mentioned in cabinet meetingsduring 1954 that continued high levels of immigration â€Å"would sooner orlater come to be resented by large sections of the British people†.Clearly the need for new immigrants to do the lowest status jobs waslessening (Hines, 1998, p.18). However events during the 1950s would lead the Conservativegovernment to rethin k immigration policy to pacify and appease racismwithin British society. There had been minor disturbances in Nottinghamin August 1958 where Black people lived in some of the most deprivedareas of the city. The Nottingham police commented on the high levelof racist provocation abuse that the well behaved West Indianpopulation had had to endure and were surprised that they had notreacted more violently (Ramdin, 1999, pp. 176-77). As most of the earlyimmigrants intended to return home they were not as vocal as they couldhave been in speaking out against the discrimination and intimidationthat they suffered far to frequently (Hines, 1998, p. 19). Racists supported the Union Movement, the successor of the pre-warBUF that would shift its emphasis from anti-Semitism to racialdiscrimination and hatred of non white immigrants. In 1945 the UnionMovement leader Sir Oswald Mosley seemed to be an eccentric irrelevanceat best and a racist anti-Semitic pro-Nazi traitor at worst, or moreaccurat ely he was both. The Union Movement would have an influence outof proportion to its size in the changing of immigration policy topacify or appease racism in society. In the 1950s Mosley decided thatraising the race issue was the best way of increasing support for theFar Right in Britain or at the very least raising its profile. Whereasthe Conservative government were at that time unwilling to change itsimmigration policy to pacify and appease racism within Britishsociety. Some of the government’s members and their advisors hadconsidered including promises to restrict immigration as part of theConservative party election manifesto for 1959 but instead concentratedon telling the electorate that they had never been so well of. Thatshows that the immigration issue was seen as being too important to beignored. Mosley believed that the immigration would be the key toreviving his political fortunes. The Notting Hill riots of 1958 madeMosley think that the racist vote would be high e nough for him to beelected for Notting Hill following the 1959 general election. Mosley’shopes were dashed. The Union Movement remained small with only 5,000members. The revival of the Far Right in Britain was prevented by therightward drift of the Conservative party over immigration policy thatpacified and appeased racism (Eatwell, 2003, pp. 331-32). Although the Black communities in Nottingham and Notting Hill had beenthe victims of discrimination and violence they were effectivelypunished instead of helped by the government with the subsequentchanges to British immigration policy. Aside from the nine white Teddyboys jailed for their part in the rioting the resulting changes inimmigration policy were a reward for racism, intimidation anddiscrimination. The Conservative government were unwilling to introduceanti racist discrimination laws on the grounds that the law alreadyprovided adequate punishment for anybody convicted for raciallymotivated violence, even if the racis t could only get convicted forassault but not incitement (Ramdin, 1999, pp. 177-78). By 1962 the Conservative government had changed its mind aboutrestricting immigration for Blacks and Asians bowing to fears amongstparts of middle class suburbia of allowing too many non whites into thecountry and rising levels of tension in the inner cities. Restrictionswere supposed to reduce racial tensions in the areas were immigrantshad already settled. The lack of protection for Black and Asianimmigrants from racism and discrimination should have been obvious butonly the Liberal party saw the need to introduce legislation to counterthe problem. The Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1962 reversed the opendoor immigration policy and allowed only those with guaranteed jobswith the work voucher to prove it, their families and students withconfirmed university places to enter Britain (Gardiner Wenborn,1995, p. 188). If the aim of the act of was to keep the Conservativesin power it failed. In the s hort term aware of the forthcomingrestrictions as many immigrants as possible came to Britain, 100,000 in1962 alone. There were exceptions for relatives or perspective spousesto enter the country but they had to prove their ties to people alreadyhere (Schama, 2002, p. 551). Immigration would decline markedly afterthe 1962 Act but as a political issue it has not gone away and hasfrequently been used by the Conservative party and those partiesfurther to the right to gain electoral support. The Labour partydespite anything it may have promised during periods of opposition didnot remove the restrictions on immigration imposed by the Conservativesto pacify and appease racism in British society (Goldbourne, 1998, pp.51-2). In opposition the Labour party had been critical of the restrictionsimposed through the 1962 act claiming that it was giving in to racistdemands. However Labour had to balance keeping the votes of Laboursupporters who were against immigration and gaining the vote of the nonwhite voters already in Britain. However once in power the Wilsongovernment would further restrict Black and Asian immigration from theCommonwealth rather than restoring the open door immigration policyabandoned in 1962. The number of work vouchers for potential workersfrom the new Commonwealth that would allow them to work and live inBritain was further reduced to 8,500 per year in 1965. The Wilsongovernment was reelected after a landslide victory in 1966 without raceor immigration featuring heavily in the campaign and the Conservativesseemingly destined for a long stint in opposition. The nextcontroversy over race that led to the Labour government changingimmigration policy to pacify or appease racism in British society wasas a result of events in Kenya. Kenya was a newly independent memberof the Commonwealth that had a sizable minority of Asians that weredescended from 19th century immigrants that Britain had recruited tostaff the civil service and the railways. The Kenyan Asians were vitalto the Kenyan economy yet the Kenyan government wished to deport itsentire Asian population to keep the country for Africans only. Thisovert and outrageous piece of racism was thinly veiled under the termAfricanization. The British government had a responsibility to protectand give refuge to the Kenyan Asians as they held British passports.The Labour government’s Home Secretary Jim Callaghan was anxious tokeep the entry of Kenyan Asians to the barest minimum by trying to getother Commonwealth countries to grant them asylum. The Immigration Actof 1968 was amended before its passing to allow only 1500 Kenyan Asianholding British passports and their families to gain entry to Britainevery year. It just happened that 1968 was the year that racism andimmigration policy were put firmly in the public spotlight by the soonto be infamous speech of a single Conservative MP from the WestMidlands (Watson, 1997,p. 424). On 20 April 1968 in his home city of Birmingham t he maverick yetintellectually capable Conservative front bench MP for Wolverhampton,Enoch Powell made a speech that caused race and immigration policy togo to the top of the political agenda. In his speech Powell called forthe further restriction of immigration and to close the loopholes thatallowed the relatives of those already settled in Britain to join theirfamilies. Powell believed that families should not be reunited andthat those not already in Britain should not be allowed entry at all.The following section is the part of the speech that caused so muchcontroversy: Those whom the gods wish to destroy, they first made mad. We must bemad, literally mad, as a nation to be permitting the annual inflow ofsome 50,000 dependents, who are for the most part the material of thefuture growth of the immigrant-descended population†¦ As I look ahead, Iam filled with forboding. Like the Roman, I seem to see â€Å"the riverTiber foaming with much blood† (Comfort, 1993, p.524). The liberal minded Leader of the Opposition, Edward Heath was caught ina quandary as to whether to sack Powell from the shadow front bench oruse the race issue in order to win the next general election. In theend he actually did both. Powell defended his speech saying he waswarning about the harmful social consequences of too much immigrationin producing racial tensions not to make those tensions worse. Heathsacked Powell from the shadow cabinet but did not expel him from theConservative party, although Powell would have probably responded bystanding as an independent candidate. Powell received over 100,000letters supporting his views and there were protests and strikes in hisfavour to (Comfort, 1993, p. 524). Enoch Powell found that his speechhad been supported by around 75% of the British population according toopinion polls afterwards. Powell had hoped to make the Conservativeparty harder on immigration policy than the Labour party and thatperception certainly helped Heath beco me Prime Minister, withanti-immigration and racist Labour voters to switch their support(Eatwell, 2003, p.337). The left wing cabinet minister Tony Benn was certainly not the onlyone dismayed at the Rivers of Blood speech as it gave fascists,neo-nazis and racists to protest against immigrants and it helpedspread their racist propaganda. Powell had given them a great boast asimmigration and race received more media coverage than usual. Theuproar meant that if there were going to be further changes in Britishimmigration policy those changes would be further restrictions topacify and appease racism rather than liberalize policy. Benn hadrespected Powell’s abilities and would even work with him to stopBritish entry into the Common Market, however he resented Powell makingthe race and immigration issues â€Å"very dangerous and difficult.† Bennfeared that the speech would be used to incite racial hatred andviolence (Benn, 1988, p.60). For the Black and Asian communities thewhole episode showed how ingrained racism and xenophobia was in Britishsociety. With public opinion on immigration so much in favour ofrestrictive or non existent immigration for non whites it was hardlysurprising if British governments changed policy to pamper those viewseven if it does show their lack of courage. It demonstrates that formost politicians it is more important to gain and hold power than it isto counter racism and discrimination (Evans, 2000, p.43). The uproar over Enoch Powell gave the Wilson government an excuse torestrict the number of Kenyan Asians allowed entry into Britain (notthat it needed any). Wilson had been confident of a third electionvictory in June 1970. During that campaign Powell continued to raisethe race issue and Heath promised to tighten up immigration policy ifhe was elected. Heath condemned Powell’s racism at the same time he waspromising to pacify and appease racism through immigration policy. Therace issue was widely seen as cont ributing to Heaths surprise electionvictory. Some commentators such as Jonathan Dimbleby even blamed TonyBenn for his denouncements of Powell (Benn, 1988, p. 294). The harshreality of racism and the growing possibilities of restrictedimmigration led to the setting up of groups and organisations amongstimmigrant communities to protect themselves as the government andpolitical establishment did not. Such groups included the West IndianStanding Conference (WISC), the Campaign Against Racial Discrimination(CARD) and the Indian Workers Association of Great Britain (IWA). Thesegroups made their views known through demonstrations, rallies andjournals or their own publications like the Race Collective (Hines,1998, pp. 69-72). These groups would also receive support from whitesympathizers in the Anti-Nazi League plus left wing members of theLabour party like Tony Benn or the Liberals (Ramdin, 1999, p. 246). According to the 1971 census 6 % of the British population had beenborn outside of the United Kingdom. Around 1.1 million were Black andAsian immigrants from the new Commonwealth representing 2.3% of theBritish population. A further 900,000 Black and Asian people were bornin Britain and had no memories of their parents homelands. Thepercentage of the Black and Asian population born in Britain wouldincrease, even as the level of immigration was restricted. Thesefigures do not justify the hysteria and the suggestions of been swampedby immigrants that Powell and others talked about (Watson, 1997,p.423). The immigration policy of the Heath government might as wellhave been decided by Enoch Powell himself. The Immigration Act of 1971redefined British citizen in a much more restricted and marrow waycompared to the Nationalities Act of 1948. Instead of either havingBritish and passports or not, several sub categories of citizenshipwere defined in the Act. Each category allowed a different degree ofcitizenship that in turn granted different rights of entry intoBritain. T he new system was designed in such a way that right of entryinto Britain was determined almost entirely on the basis of anypotential immigrants skin colour, unless of course Black and Asianimmigrants had a grandfather born in Britain. This act meant thatcountless numbers of whites in the old Commonwealth could immigrate toBritain if they wanted to. However those Black and Asian that hadobtained British passports before their countries gained independencefound those British passports to be completely worthless. Enoch Powellheartily endorsed the 1971 Immigration Act, as it seemed the ultimateexample of changing immigration policy to pacify and appease racism(Goldbourne, 1998, p.53). Powell did not stay happy with theConservative leadership after Heath took Britain into the EuropeanUnion. In both elections of 1974 he urged Conservative voters to voteLabour as he believed a Labour government would take Britain out of it.Perhaps much to the relief of Heath, Powell became an Ulster Unioni stMP in 1974. Powell would have more in common with Heath’s successor,Margaret Thatcher in terms of immigration policy (Gardiner Wenborn, 1995, p. 613). This section of the dissertation will be shorter than the previous one.That is because there are fewer plausible arguments against the casethat British immigration policy was changed to pacify or appease racismin British society. There were however justifications or compensationsfor the changes in immigration policy mainly relating to the allegedbenefits and advantages of pacifying but not appeasing racism inBritish society. British governments could claim that its mainresponsibilities are for and to the people that live in Britain alreadywhatever their race and ethnicity. Governments could argue that therewere pragmatic, social and economic reasons for restricting non whiteimmigration that was not adopted to pacify or appease racism in Britishsociety even if that was its unintended consequences. For instanceBritish govern ments could argue that the deteriorating economicposition of Britain meant that there were fewer jobs for Black andAsian to come to Britain to fill. Therefore it would not be fair toallow them entry to stay on social security benefits for most of theirworking lives. The Heath government was committed to making theBritish economy more effective yet its plans came unstuck due towidespread industrial unrest and the oil crisis of 1973. The Wilsonand Callaghan governments faced ever worsening economic conditions thatforced Labour to abandon the post-war policy of working towards fullemployment. The harsher economic and social policies later known asThatcherism made things even harder for Blacks and Asians that werealready deprived and discriminated against (Black, 2000, pp. 212-15). Despite the tight restrictions on non-white immigration introducedby the Immigration Act of 1971 Heath would prove capable of revisingthe policy because of the crisis in Uganda. Idi Amin the Ugandandictato r following the example of the Kenyans had expelled all of theUgandan Asians. Heath let some of the Ugandan Asians in to Britain(Eatwell, 2003,p.337). Heath tried to persuade as many countries aspossible to give the Ugandan Asians refuge so his government did nothave to (Watson 1997, p. 424). Pacifying racism in British society might not have been such a badthing if it meant that the majority of Black and Asian people couldlead their lives free from violence if not from discrimination.Arguably restricting non white immigration meant that Britain did notexperience any race riots from Notting Hill in 1958 to the riots of1981. The Labour governments of 1964-70 and 1974-79 could justifycontinued immigration policy restrictions by claiming that Labourgovernments were the most beneficial governments for Black and Asianpeople and communities in Britain in terms of social and economicpolicies. Their case would be based on the fact that Labour was theparty most determined to counter discr imination and tackle racism forthose non whites already here for the cost of restricting further nonwhite immigration. Labour was committed to improving public servicesand reducing poverty that would certainly help the majority of Blackand Asian people that lived in more deprived areas. It was the Labourparty that passed the three Race Relations Acts of 1965, 1968 and1976. These acts showed that the Labour governments would not appeaseor condone racism in domestic policy and showed their intent to lessendiscrimination within British society (Black, 2000, p. 123). SometimesBritish public opinion has encouraged governments to allow immigrantswhen there has been a crisis or disaster. In the mid 1970s for instanceBritain took some of the Vietnamese refugees often referred to as boatpeople (Evans, 2000, p.43). The immigration of Black and Asian people into Britain had anoticeable impact on British society leading to the phenomena ofmulticulturalism. These people brought in their own c ultures,religions and perhaps to a lesser extent literature. Asians inparticular could point out past academic and literal achievements(Ramdin, 1999, p.70). The issues of racism and immigration would leadto the production of large volumes of literature and writings both injustification, explanation or refutation of racism and immigrationrestrictions. Nobody could argue that Enoch Powell was academicallybackward and on the verge of illiteracy. In fact that is why he hadsuch an impact on the immigration and race issues. He was not anill-educated skinhead or violent Teddy boy but a former professor ofclassics and cabinet minister capable of rational arguments. In justone speech he had a much greater impact on immigration policy than anynumber of race riots or odious racial assaults (Comfort, 1993, 524).Even the fascist and neo-fascist organisations have produced literatureto promote their views, it might not be up to Noble prize winningstandards but it certainly has convinced enough pe ople to supportthem. Oswald Mosley himself had been a prolific if not alwayscoherent writer. The eventual leader of the National Front, JohnTyndall although more accustomed to inciting skinheads put forward hisviews in Six Principles of Nationalism published in 1966 (Eatwell,2003, p. 335). The effect that the tabloid newspapers and the morerespectable right wing broad sheets can have on the issues of race andimmigration cannot be ignored. When the newspapers are spreading fearand rumours of further immigration it is hardly conducive for Britishgovernments to reverse immigration controls on non-whites. For instancethe reluctance of the Wilson and Heath governments to allow the Kenyanand Ugandan Asians into Britain (Watson, 1997, pp. 424-25). For the West Indians, Africans and the better educated Asians theireducation had largely been based on the English education system, hencethe respect that many of them held Britain prior to immigration. In theWest Indies, English was the spoke n language, whilst in the formercolonies of Asia and Africa, English was the common language of theadministrators and the social, economic and political elites.Therefore many Black people were literate if not better educated thantheir white counterparts. Discrimination and the desire to restrictimmigration resulted from the abilities of immigrants rather than theirinability. It is a paradox that parts of the West Indies have a higherliteracy rate than Britain, particularly the inner cities were theinadequacies of education are most noticeable (Okokon, 1998, p. 103).Amongst the most commercially and educationally successful immigrantsand communities have been the Kenyan and Ugandan Asians. Most of themcame to Britain with virtually nothing yet through hard work and talentmade them prosperous. Their children and grandchildren have become thebest-educated in Britain (Evans, 2000, p.42). Blacks and Asians had been students in Britain long before the 1940sand the common experiences of learning, racism and restrictedopportunities contributed to colonial independence movements and selfhelp organisations in Britain. Those students that graduated oftenfound it harder to get law, educational or medical positions than theirwhite contemporaries did. Black and Asian authors often found it moredifficult to get their books published. The choice for these studentswas to face years of discrimination before doing the jobs they werecapable of or to go home and do them immediately. By the 1960s Blackwriters such as Sam Devlon and CL R James were starting to receive theattention their works deserved. This advance in the promotion in Blackliterature had not resulted from the efforts of mainstream publishersbut form the work of New Beacon Books established by John La Rose. Thebooks of these writers were placed in many public libraries through theefforts of people like Gloria Locke that believed they should be readby as much of the British population as possible. The 1960s also sa wthe appointment of one of Britain’s first Black head teachers, BerylGilroy whose talents had been wasted for too long washing dishes ratherthan educating children (Okokon, 1998, pp. 101-02). Therefore to conclude British immigration policy has been altered onseveral occasions in the post war era. After 1945 Britain had a liberalopen door immigration policy towards immigrants from the newCommonwealth as well as from the old Commonwealth and Europe. TheBlack and Asian immigrants from the new Commonwealth obviously stoodout from the white British population due to their skin colour whereaswhite immigrants such as the Irish or those from Eastern Europe didnot. Perhaps if they had known the racism they would face on theirarrival they would not have immigrated in the first place. The opendoor to new Commonwealth immigration was not new in 1945 but economicconditions and the post war reconstruction of Britain meant that theBritish government actively promoted immigration to Brit ain in the newCommonwealth. Winston Churchill even played his part in recruitingimmigrants from the West Indies. Immigrants came to Britain to filljob vacancies and build better futures for themselves and theirfamilies. Black and Asian immigrants often believed that the mothercountry would welcome them with open arms. Although Britishgovernments were pleased that these immigrants had come to Britain theywere faced with racism once they arrived, racism that would certainlyinfluence British immigration policy and subsequent changes to it. The British governments throughout the period 1944-74 were moreconcerned about using immigration policy to their advantage than forthe benefits of the Black and Asian immigrants they proved willingenough to restrict immigration on racial grounds as soon as it suitedthem to do so. The British governments were prepared to changeimmigration policy to pacify and appease racism in society as they sawgreater electoral advantage in keeping or gaining the votes of racistsand those opposed to non white immigration than gaining the votes ofthe immigrant communities. Various events encouraged governments tochange immigration policy such as the Notting Hill riots or the forcedemigration of the Kenyan and Ugandan Asians. It was probably theinfamous Rivers of blood speech of Enoch Powell that did more thananything else to raise the race and immigration issue and couldarguably be seen as the cause of the Immigration Act of 1968 and theNationalities Act of 1971. The widespread support for restrictedimmigration policy and Powell’s views meant that a return to the opendoor policy that existed until 1962 is very remote although thecomplete repatriation of all the non white population of Britainadvocated by parties such as the National Front is equally remote. Therace and immigration issue certainly contributed to the Conservativeelection victories of 1970 and 1979 yet played a part in the defeats of1974. The presence of racism in Bri tish society forced the Black andAsian communities to campaign for their rights and help themselves inthe fight against discrimination. The Race Relations Acts really were too late to help the immigrantcommunities when they had needed it most and were not completelyadequate compensation for the restriction of immigration and thefeeling that the government would prefer to meet the interests ofracists first. Bibliography Abercrombie N, Hill S Turner B S (2000) Dictionary of Sociology 4th edition, Penguin Reference, London Benn, T (1988) Office without Power, Dairies 1968-72, Arrow Books Limited, London Black, J (2000) Modern British History since 1900, Macmillan Foundations, Macmillan, London Comfort, N (1993) Brewers Politics- A Phrase and Fable Dictionary, Cassell, London Eatwell, R (2003) A History of Fascism, Pimlico, London Evans, E J (2000) Illustrated Guide to British History, Paragon, London Evans G Newnham J (1998) Dictionary of International Relations, Penguin Reference, London Gardiner, J and Wenborn, N (1995) The History Today Companion to British History, Collins Brown, London Goldbourne, H (1998) Race Relations in Britain since 1945, Macmillan Press Limited, Basingstoke Hines V (1998) How Black People Overcame Fifty Years of Repression inBritain 1945-1995 (volume one: 1945-1975), Zulu Books, London Okokon S (1998) Black Londoners 1880-1990, Sutton Publishing, Stroud Pearce, R (1992) Britain Domestic Politics 1918-39, Hodder Stoughton, London Ramadin, R (1999) Reimaging Britain – 500 years of Black and Asian History, Pluto Press, London Schama, S (2002) A History of Britain – volume 3 the Fate of Empire 1776-2000, BBC Worldwide, London Watson, J (1997) Success in World History since 1945, John Murray, London Don’t waste time! 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She is considered as her fathers possession and the father of the family dominates. This was a law and not just an expectation. Juliet was controlled, captive and can only go to confession by herself. Women had no rights and this impacts in the play. Capulet and Montague are powerful people but their wives still have no rights. Juliet accepts that her father will choose a husband for her, but at first Capulet says he will let her decide, but when she decides not to marry Paris, he strikes back with harsh treatment. The scene begins with the servants clearing space for a dance which creates a sense of excitement and celebration. References to silverware and marzipan suggest how expensive and important the feast is. Capulet takes this feeling and expands it to include romance or at least flirtation with his opening speech as he teases the ladies to dance. Ladies that have their toes/unplagud with corns will walk a bout with you. He then welcomes the masked Montagues, whim he does not recognise, which adds a sense of danger as there could be another civil brawl if the Montagues were revealed. By having Capulet speak to several people, Shakespeare creates a certain sense of busyness and importance. Capulet tries to be a brilliant and entertaining host to all his guests as it is an important tradition to uphold. He then talks to his cousin about past feasts they had been to: For you and I are past our dancing days. All of this creates a festive and exciting mood and makes for the possibility of roma nce in everyones mind which in hindsight, predicts Romeo and Juliets first meeting ending in love. .u56e03529b3834506cb604452151d3833 , .u56e03529b3834506cb604452151d3833 .postImageUrl , .u56e03529b3834506cb604452151d3833 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u56e03529b3834506cb604452151d3833 , .u56e03529b3834506cb604452151d3833:hover , .u56e03529b3834506cb604452151d3833:visited , .u56e03529b3834506cb604452151d3833:active { border:0!important; } .u56e03529b3834506cb604452151d3833 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u56e03529b3834506cb604452151d3833 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u56e03529b3834506cb604452151d3833:active , .u56e03529b3834506cb604452151d3833:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u56e03529b3834506cb604452151d3833 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u56e03529b3834506cb604452151d3833 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u56e03529b3834506cb604452151d3833 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u56e03529b3834506cb604452151d3833 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u56e03529b3834506cb604452151d3833:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u56e03529b3834506cb604452151d3833 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u56e03529b3834506cb604452151d3833 .u56e03529b3834506cb604452151d3833-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u56e03529b3834506cb604452151d3833:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Thematic Elements in Hamlet EssayThe scene suddenly shifts focus from flirtation to love as Romeo sees Juliet for the first time to show a contrast between the two emotions as Romeos feelings are a lot more serious. In Romeos ten line speech, Shakespeare shows Romeos feelings are much more genuine as he is incredibly more articulate than when he spoke to Benvolio about Rosaline, I do love a woman. Romeo asks a servant who Juliet is and he answers, I know not, sir. This shows that Juliet is kept inside the mansion which once again shows the social context of the play. Verona being a patriarchal society means Juliet, as her fathers possession, is kept inside the mansion. In ten lines, the audience will be convinced of Romeo being in love and of Juliets beauty. To begin with, he compares her to light, she doth teaches the torches to burn bright. Romeo then extends this image by saying she is like a rich jewel in an Ethiopes ear, again emphasizing her rarity and dazzling beauty. His comment Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear, makes her seem to good to be true and is prophetic as it also seems Juliet is too good for this world; indeed she dies in four days. Romeo says she stands above everyone, a snowy dove trooping with crows. He has compared her to Rosaline but Juliet is a much better sight. In the last four lines Romeo declines his love for Rosaline and announces his love for Juliet. Romeo speaks in rhyming couplets during the ten line speech which shows his passion for his new found love. There is another dramatic shift in emotion as Tybalt sees Romeo and shows his anger, conveyed through the sharp sounds and rhythms of the lines. His first reaction to Romeo is Fetch me my rapier. Rapier is a sword which illustrates Tybalts intention to kill. His last two lines are a rhyming couplet which shows his passion for hate; Now by the stock and honour of our kin/To strike him dead I hold it not a sin. This adds tension as Tybalt is willing to kill and that is against the Princes law. His first reaction is to get his sword which could ruin the feast and result in an execution. Shakespeares language makes Tybalt seem spiteful with sharp sounds and rhythm: Hear and scorn at our solemnity, conveying his love for hate and violence, proved in the final two lines written in the form of a rhyming couplet. When Capulet hears of Tybalts plans, he immediately tries to calm him down: Content thee, gentle coz, let him alone. Tybalt argues and Capulet suddenly is filled with rage as he int errupts Tybalt, Ill not endure him, He shall be endured. Repetition and broken sentences, Go to!-Go to!, show Capulets rage at Tybalts attempt to disrupt the feast. Tybalts final threat foreshadows his and Mercutios death and is in the form of a rhyming couplet again conveying his passion for hating the Montagues. From sharp danger to romantic hope, Shakespeare introduces the lovers to each other through a sonnet. This is appropriate because sonnets are usually poems about love but another key theme in Elizabethan sonnets was death and time which could prelude the tragedy to come in the play. Also Romeo as a courtly lover would be expected to write sonnets to his beloved. Every sonnet is built upon an argument, and Romeo argues for a kiss; My lips two blushing pilgrims ready stand/To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss. Juliet being able to respond in sonnet form shows how well matched she is with Romeo, especially as she has had no experience in courtship; this shows she has found her soul mate. There is a lot of religious imagery in the sonnet, pilgrim and saint which creates the impression that their love is holy and above the ordinary. At the beginning of their second sonnet, they are interrupted by the nurse who says: Madam, your mother craves a word with you. The interruption indi cates that the family will always come in between their love and sends a sense of danger through the relationship which remains throughout the scene. .uaec3501327cc13da62087c2d8b78dc3a , .uaec3501327cc13da62087c2d8b78dc3a .postImageUrl , .uaec3501327cc13da62087c2d8b78dc3a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaec3501327cc13da62087c2d8b78dc3a , .uaec3501327cc13da62087c2d8b78dc3a:hover , .uaec3501327cc13da62087c2d8b78dc3a:visited , .uaec3501327cc13da62087c2d8b78dc3a:active { border:0!important; } .uaec3501327cc13da62087c2d8b78dc3a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaec3501327cc13da62087c2d8b78dc3a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaec3501327cc13da62087c2d8b78dc3a:active , .uaec3501327cc13da62087c2d8b78dc3a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaec3501327cc13da62087c2d8b78dc3a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaec3501327cc13da62087c2d8b78dc3a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaec3501327cc13da62087c2d8b78dc3a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaec3501327cc13da62087c2d8b78dc3a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaec3501327cc13da62087c2d8b78dc3a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaec3501327cc13da62087c2d8b78dc3a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaec3501327cc13da62087c2d8b78dc3a .uaec3501327cc13da62087c2d8b78dc3a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaec3501327cc13da62087c2d8b78dc3a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mary Shelly's Novel Frankenstein EssayRomeo then finds out that Juliet is a Capulet and he that can lay hold of her, shall have the chinks., said by the nurse, once again shows the Capulet obsession with money. Romeo is shocked as he now owes his life to his enemy because of his love, My life is my foes debt. This creates suspense as the audience wonders if they will ever be together or if the families will stop them. Within this scene Shakespeare alternates from romance and danger many times. Juliet then seeks the identity of Romeo in excitement but doesnt want the Nurse to suspect anything so she asks the identity of two other men. Already, Juliet is keeping secrets which is a sign of things to come. Her thoughts as the nurse seeks Romeos identity, If he be married, my grave is like to be my wedding bed, shows Juliet is already thinking of marriage in terms of death. She finds out Romeo is a Montague and is instantly distressed. She now loves him and cannot change her feelings, even though now he is a Montague. Her rhyming couplets express her passion for Romeo, but with Juliet her passion often leads to desperation. We then see Juliet isolated as the strangers leave and keeping her love secret from her Nurse makes Juliet alone literally with her new found love. Act 1, Scene 5 is a scene full of dramatic emotion, especially romance and danger. As the final scene of Act 1, it is the catalyst for the rest of the action in the play. It is clear from this scene that Romeo and Juliet will never be together and even they know it.