How to Write an Essay on Southern California Environmental Disaster - Wildfires

How to Write an Essay on Southern California Environmental Disaster Wildfires First of all, work on your essay in accordance with the standard scheme. Take into consideration three main sections of the typical essay: introduction, main part (body), and conclusion. We will show up the essay writing process on the example of the â€Å"Southern California Environmental Disaster – Wildfires† topic. Introduction In the introduction part it is advisable to tell about this disaster in general and mention that recently wild fires in the southern California have caused many catastrophes. Moreover, a huge number of people were left homeless and a lot of them have died. Main Part (Body) In this section, taking into consideration the topic of the essay, it is recommended to provide your readers with the statistics data. You can mention that one of the most destructive wildfires that took place in the southern California was in 1878. More than 60  000 land acres were burnt in LA. More than 50  000 land acres were burnt in 1889. In 2003 more than 3  361 homes were destroyed and more than 26 people died. Tell about lessons the global community could learn from these fires. Although the massive wild fires are behind, there are more expected in the future. The fire policy we have nowadays is not effective enough. That is why, in order to prevent the future natural disasters, the governments should put all their efforts to the finding engineering solutions to deal with such natural events. Conclusion At the end of the essay, it is recommended to provide your own solutions of the wild fires in the southern California (special programs taken by the government, building up evacuation points, etc.).

Ethics And Unethical Business Practices - 860 Words

In the past 20 years business failures, corporate scandals, and unethical CEO’s have been in the news on a constant basis. Enron, Worldcom, Hollinger International, Tyco, and Yahoo! suffered losses as a result of unethical business practices. Key factors, such as, productivity, retention of talented employees, business credibility, and legal issues decide whether a business will be successes or unsuccessful. The organization and its employee’s ethics, direct these factors to either increase or decrease. Moral business practices are activities performed and demeanors held by a business and its workers that are considered professionally and ethically capable. These practices advance the objectives of the organization without jeopardizing the benefit of every one of its employees, clients, and even competitors. Ethical practices do not guarantee success, but without them failure is assured. Corporate executives and business owners need to realize that there can be no comp romise when it comes to ethics, and there are no easy shortcuts to success. Ethics need to be carefully sown into the fabric of their companies. Research suggests successful businesses must adhere to ethical practices because they increase productivity, promote employee retention, support credibility, and avoid legal issues. What practices affect productivity? Engagement directly affects employee productivity. Engagement is a management approach created to ensure that employees are committedShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of An Unethical Business Practice1370 Words   |  6 Pagesof an unethical business practice can only come forth if the head of the entity decides to turn a blind eye to what is happening within the organization. Dependent on the ethical stance of those leading the company, the concern for social responsibility will or will not be sizable. Ethical Theories. In accordance to the ethical theories that are known to society Pharmacare’s actions can be gauged on an ethical scale. The theories range from Utilitarianism, Deontology, Virtue ethics, and Ethics of careRead MoreThe Evolution Of Business Ethics852 Words   |  4 PagesThe Evolution of Business Ethics Tim Bowles OMM-640 Business Ethics and Social Responsibility Dr. Andree Swanson May 17, 2015 Abstract Just as individuals differ, so do their ethical concepts and value arrangements. Personal guidelines or policies for everyday ethical conduct. Like all policies, a code of ethics must be capable of being enforced. Just as if people, corporations and businesses too, have their ethical concepts, systematic science, and a business philosophy they must followRead MoreEthics, Corporate Social Responsibility And Fiduciary Responsibilities Essay1695 Words   |  7 Pagesleadership in business† (Archbishop of Wales calls for ethical business). It is probably the case that all businesses should sign the oath, this gives consumers to show that they are dedicated to being an ethical business. There are numerous of old businesses that can steer the new business in an unethical direction in this field. By adapting business ethic terms and look for examples in the business fields that have an ethical or unethical reputation, this will give the opportunity for the business leadersRead Mo reWhat Is Business Ethics?1294 Words   |  6 PagesMIS 6308 – Assignment: Business Ethics Essay (50 points) What is business ethics? Business ethics can be understood as codes that define the actions and behavior of the employees in an institution. Standards are set by every company to define what is accepted as ‘Right’ and each employee is expected to abide by these standards. For a business to run successfully it is important to abide by the set of standards that are defined. Companies around the world observe these ethical principles strictly;Read MoreUnethical Behavior And Ethical Behavior1519 Words   |  7 PagesUnethical behaviour and ethical behaviour are two factors that are found to be very different around the world. Ethical behaviour can be seen to come from an an individual with a high morality and proper conduct. Unethical behavior, defined as behaviour that violates generally accepted moral norms (Jones, 1991) can usually come from an individual that does not abide by the rules of morality. The professional world is where ethical and unethical behaviour is a constant topic. The profess ional worldRead MoreEthics in International Business842 Words   |  3 PagesEthics is an incredibly important aspect of domestic business. Companies and their employees need to be mindful of their decisions and actions, and how they affect others. But when business is taken to the international and global level, being conscious of ethics becomes absolutely vital. 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Without having principles one would never be able to distinguish the right from wrong and good from evil. Just as it applies to life in general, ethics is an integral part of doing business as well. When we here the term Business Ethics in our work place, we usually do not take it seriously and brush it off saying ‘it’s just a simple set of basic rules like not cheating and so on’. ThisRead MoreSituations Leading to Unethical Practices and Behavior in Accounting810 Words   |  3 PagesAccounting Situations that might lead to unethical practices and behavior in accounting There are a number of reasons which can lead to unethical behavior and practices in accounting. Unethical behavior and practices in accounting refers to when a person contravenes the rules that are designed to make sure that morality and fairness is taken into consideration in the accounting procedures of a company. A violation of these rules is what termed as unethical and should not be tolerated in any companyRead MoreWeek 2 Essay747 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ Business Research Ethics William Holloway January 8, 2014 Rosa Osuoha, Ph.D Business Research Ethics Consumers in today’s society are careful about how and when to invest his or her money in today’s ever changing economy. Organizations around the world are penalized for failing to follow the new laws or sanctioned by the security exchange commission. The precautions are put in place to help protect the organizations shareholders and investors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One

Comedy or a tragedy Essay Example For Students

Comedy or a tragedy Essay The play Philadelphia, here I come focuses on Gareth ODonnell on the night before he is due to leave Donegal for America. There are two Gars; the Public Gar and the Private Gar. Public Gar is the one that he shows to the world; the Private Gar is the man within. The two converse freely, yet Public Gar is never able to see or look at Private.  Throughout the play, there is much evidence to support the claim that the play is a tragedy. The running theme of the bad relationship between Gar and his father is undoubtedly tragic, and this is made worse by the fact that their problems are never resolved. Towards the end of the play we are brought tantalisingly close a reconciliation of feelings when Gar, clutching to the only good memory he has of his father, hopes that he holds the same memory of them fishing together. However, when he asks him about it, his father has no recollection and Gar rushes off. Had his father remembered, then Gar could have left in the knowledge that he and his father shared at least one good memory. The absence of this comfort would undoubtedly make it more difficult to leave, and the fact that his father had his own memory of Gar in the sailor outfit, and failed to share this, makes it more tragic. Even more painful for Gar, and a possible contributory factor for the bad relationship he has with his father, is the underlying fear that S.B. may not actually be his real father. Gar has his suspicions that his old teacher, Mr. Boyle, is in fact his real father. This fear stems from the knowledge that his mother and he used to have a relationship. When he enquires to Madge the housekeeper about Mr. Boyle and his mother she provides no comfort saying,  she went with a dozen that was the kind of her she couldnt help herself. This does not answer Gars question, and such great unknowns can only make it even more difficult for him to leave. This trauma is another reason to consider the play a tragedy rather than a comedy.  Gars relationship with Kate is yet another tragedy. Their flourishing love was cut short partly due to Gars inability to communicate his feelings. Upon discovering that Kates parents hope that she will marry the more refined and wealthier Dr. Francis King, instead of asking her fathers permission for him to marry her, he leaves. By deserting Kate, who it seemed wanted to be with Gar, he forced her to Francis. They married, and Gar had regretted his actions, for he still loved her. We see that he blames himself after Private Gar calls her a, Rotten aul snobby bitch!  Although this shows that he is indeed angry with her, Public Gar jumps to her defence saying,  No, no; my fault all my fault.  When she visits later on to say goodbye, he is very short with her and snaps at her with almost every sentence. He berates her with reasons why Ballybeg is an abhorrent place and points out,  youre stuck here!  This barrage of complaints and reckless sarcastic comments quite quickly succeed in driving Kate away once more. Again, he immediately regrets what he has done and buries his head in his hands. This is yet more unfinished business that torments Gar on the eve of his departure. This, along with the unresolved conflict with his father and questions about his mothers promiscuity are indeed no laughing matter, and are in no way comic. When his aunt Lizzy first asked Gar if he wanted to go to America, he jumped at the chance saying,  as soon as I can.  These massive loose ends, by the end of the play, add up to make a once sure Gar unsure about why he is leaving. Private Gar asks,  God, Boy, why do you have to leave? Why? Why?  to which Public Gar replies,  I dont know. I I I dont know.  Gar is unsure about the only thing he was sure about, and this is truly tragic. .u325140860ea84248df5c96bc1f2b153a , .u325140860ea84248df5c96bc1f2b153a .postImageUrl , .u325140860ea84248df5c96bc1f2b153a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u325140860ea84248df5c96bc1f2b153a , .u325140860ea84248df5c96bc1f2b153a:hover , .u325140860ea84248df5c96bc1f2b153a:visited , .u325140860ea84248df5c96bc1f2b153a:active { border:0!important; } .u325140860ea84248df5c96bc1f2b153a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u325140860ea84248df5c96bc1f2b153a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u325140860ea84248df5c96bc1f2b153a:active , .u325140860ea84248df5c96bc1f2b153a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u325140860ea84248df5c96bc1f2b153a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u325140860ea84248df5c96bc1f2b153a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u325140860ea84248df5c96bc1f2b153a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u325140860ea84248df5c96bc1f2b153a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u325140860ea84248df5c96bc1f2b153a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u325140860ea84248df5c96bc1f2b153a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u325140860ea84248df5c96bc1f2b153a .u325140860ea84248df5c96bc1f2b153a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u325140860ea84248df5c96bc1f2b153a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: World War One. The first great tragedy of humanity EssayHowever, there are aspects of the play that are undoubtedly comedic. The dialogue where Private Gar, impersonating S.B., has a conversation with Public Gar, sharing anecdotes about bowel movement problems is one example. This develops into an absurd imitation of Americans courting. Another example is when Private Gar has an imaginary discussion with Gars father about being a sex maniac, changing the subject when Madge enters to a clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d one about the weather, as though she could hear. Overall the sarcastic commentary of Private Gar is the main aspect of comedy in the play, providing humorously cutting insu lts for the reader to enjoy. This also highlights the differences between Private Gar and Public Gar, who keeps what he feels to himself Private Gar expresses what Public Gar feels, and does the things that Public Gar would like to do. But a lot of the time, the comedy produced by Private Gar turns into something more sinister. In Episode 1, Private Gars ridiculing commentary of S.B. is initially light-hearted but develops to become more threatening. He blames S.B. for his departure, listing the reasons why his father has driven him to emigration:  And you know why Im going, Screwballs, dont you. Because Im twenty-five, and you treat me as if I were five I cant order even a dozen loaves without getting your permission. Because you pay me less than you pay Madge. But worse, far worse than that, Screwballs, because we embarrass one another. We are told before Private Gars descent into rage that,  all trace of humour fades from Privates voice. He becomes more and more intense and it is with an effort that he keeps his voice under control.  This proves that behind these rants lies more menacing feelings towards those to whom they are directed. Sometimes this even entails the belittling of Gar himself. We see this on several occasions throughout the play, for example times when Private Gar laughs almost sadistically at the misfortune and hurt of Public Gar.  Another character who provides humour is Gars aunt Lizzy. In particular the conversation where she gets confused about what she had been talking about and consequently tells both Ben and Con to give one another,  no more to drink.

What The Doctor Ordered Essays (711 words) - English-language Films

What The Doctor Ordered Life is a rat race. In order to succeed, one is required to stay in the front of the pack. To lead a happy, loving life, however, one must stop and smell the roses so the meaningful qualities in life don't pass you by. A prime example of a person who overlooks this aspect of life can be found in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Through Dr. Frankenstein, Shelley warns readers of the consequences of playing god and allowing business to take you away from the simple pleasures in life. As shown through him, too much knowledge and determination may not be what the doctor ordered. Frankenstein illustrates god-like characteristics by creating a living creature. As a boy he was "deeply smitten with the thirst for knowledge" (22), and obtained an "eager desire to learn" (23). This dedication and love for science he pursued led him to crave more and strive to go one step further than other scientists have in the past. Devoting his life to learning the sciences of the human frame, Frankenstein became "capable of bestowing animation upon lifeless matter" (37), and recognizes the chance to become the father of a new type of species he can take credit for. Ironically, Frankenstein's creature obtains the power to destroy his creator, along with all civilization. If God, the single perfect being, cannot create perfect life, how could an imperfect person possibly do it? Frankenstein is oblivious to the danger of his knowledge and to the "citadel of nature" (25) he will enter by becoming aware of the "secrets of heaven and earth" (23). Frankenstein travels down a dangerous path when he goes as far as to play God by exploring supernatural life and after his work is complete, he fearfully realizes that he not only created a new life, but with that life, he brought a new form of evil into the world. During the two years Frankenstein worked on his creation he became totally absorbed in his work which leads to neglect towards himself, his family, and the beautiful scenes of nature he, in the past, took pleasure in. Once he dived headfirst into his project, he showed no signs of coming up for air. Frankenstein puts his life on hold and "seemed to have lost all soul or sensation but for this one pursuit" (39). In fear of an unsuccessful outcome, he ruthlessly works day and night trying to complete his work. In the process, he "deprived [himself] of rest and health" (42) and became pale and emaciated due to this lacking. Not only did he neglect his health, Frankenstein also overlooked his loving family who began to worry about him. Obviously "[he] knew [his] silence disquieted them" (40), but couldn't tear himself away from his work long enough to simply reply to their letters. Another pleasure Frankenstein tried to forget was the nature he had always found comfort in. However, not even the "charms of nature" (40) could break the force field isolating Frankenstein and his creation in the study. Once he realized all the pleasures he set aside due to the overwhelming desire he beheld for his work, Frankenstein began making excuses. He made himself believe that the passion and peace he felt towards his family and the beauties of nature stood as an obstacle in his path and would only "disturb his tranquility" (40). When you give up the things you love and the aspects of life that have always given pleasure to you, you risk losing them forever. Frankenstein became so caught up in his work he missed out on two years of his life. He never visited his family and it wasn't until after his work was done did he read a letter sent to him by Elizabeth updating him on everything that had gone on. After Frankenstein is aware of the monster he produced, he understands all he gave up and now regrets what he allowed his life to become. Getting caught up in the "rat race" led Dr. Victor Frankenstein to the terrible fate like had in store for him. All too late, he realizes that a truly happy man never losses sight of the important aspects he beholds. Also, understanding "how dangerous the acquirement of knowledge" (38) is and how his desire to go beyond the laws of nature led to the downfall of his life. It isn't until misery and destruction claim his soul does Frankenstein realize the problems he created by playing God and overlooking the simple pleasures in life.

Scizophrenia essays

Scizophrenia essays I chose to write my research paper on the bizarre world of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a serious psychotic disorder that is characterized by a loss of contact with reality. It is a severely disabilitating disease that has stricken the lives of almost two million people in the United States alone. Since the disease is so devastating, the majority of people that suffer from it live either on the streets or in mental institutions. It is believed that patients with schizophrenia occupy almost forty percent of the beds in American mental hospitals. All people diagnosed with schizophrenia have perceptual difficulties or in other words suffer from hallucinations. A hallucination is a false sensory experience, such as seeing things, hearing things, and even feeling things that are not really there. Hallucinations have a compelling sense of reality to the persons who suffer from them. Auditory hallucinations by far are the most common form of hallucination in schizophrenia. Thought disord ers or delusions are also a symptom found in all schizophrenics. These include incoherent speech, quick shifts of ideas from one thing to a totally unrelated one, and bizarre thoughts and ideas. The delusions that all schizophrenics encounter are false beliefs that are believed by the schizophrenic and no one else. The delusions of schizophrenics go well beyond thinking that their being watched. They are often convinced that someone or something is controlling them by either radio, hypnosis or some other related form. Schizophrenic persons also have severe disturbances in emotion and behavior. This is the most worrisome symptom to family and friends of the patient. Schizophrenics are incapable of putting themselves in other peoples places. Side effects range from laughing at sad situations to self-mutilation. What makes this disease to be so frightening and so hard to und ...

Learn How Apples First Smartphone Came to Be

Learn How Apple's First Smartphone Came to Be According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a smartphone is â€Å"a mobile phone that performs many of the functions of a  computer, typically having a touchscreen interface, internet access, and an operating system capable of running downloaded apps.† As those of you who know your smartphones history are aware, Apple did not invent the smartphone. They did, however, bring us the iconic and much-imitated iPhone, which debuted June 29, 2007. Precursors to the iPhone Prior to the iPhone, smartphones were often, bulky, unreliable, and prohibitively expensive. The iPhone was a game-changer. While its technology was state-of-the-art at the time, since more than 200  patents  went into its original manufacture, theres no pinpointing a single person as the iPhones inventor. Still, a few names- including Apple designers John Casey and Jonathan Ive- stand out as being instrumental in bringing Steve Jobs vision for a touchscreen smartphone to life. While Apple had produced the Newton MessagePad, a personal digital assistant (PDA) device, from 1993 to 1998, the first  concept for a true iPhone-type device came about in 2000 when Apple designer John Casey sent some concept art around via an internal email for something he called the Telipod- a telephone and iPod combination.  The  Telipod  never made it into production but Apple co-founder and CEO Steve Jobs did believe that cell phones with a touchscreen function and access to the Internet were the future of accessible information. Accordingly, Jobs set a team of engineers to tackle the project.   Apples First Smartphone Apples first smartphone, the ROKR E1, was released on Sept. 7, 2005. It was the first mobile phone to use iTunes, the music-sharing software Apple had debuted in 2001. However, the ROKR was an Apple and Motorola collaboration, and Apple was not happy with Motorolas contributions. Within a year, Apple discontinued support for the ROKR. On Jan. 9, 2007, Steve Jobs announced the new iPhone at the Macworld Convention. It went on sale on June 29, 2007. What Made the iPhone So Special Apples chief design officer from 1992 to 2019, Jonathan Ive, was largely responsible for the look and feel of the iPhone. Born in Britain in February 1967, Ive was also the principal designer of the iMac, the titanium and aluminum PowerBook G4, MacBook, unibody MacBook Pro, iPod, iPhone, and iPad. The first smartphone with no dedicated keypad for dialing, the iPhone was entirely a touchscreen device that broke new technological ground with its multitouch controls. In addition to being able to use the screen to select and use apps, users could scroll and zoom as well with a finger swipe. The iPhone also introduced the accelerometer, a motion sensor that allowed the user to turn the phone sideways and have the display automatically rotate to suit. While it was not the first device to have apps or software add-ons, it was the first smartphone to manage the apps market successfully. Siri The iPhone 4S was released with the addition of a personal assistant called Siri, a voice-controlled, artificial intelligence-based assistant that could not only perform numerous tasks for the user, it could also learn and adapt to better serve that user, as well. With the addition of Siri, the iPhone was no longer a mere phone or music player- it literally put an entire world of information at the users fingertips. Waves of the Future Since it made its debut, Apple has continued to improve and update the iPhone. The iPhone 10 (also known as iPhone X), released in November 2017, is the first iPhone to use  organic light-emitting diode  (OLED)  screen technology, wireless charging, and facial recognition technology to unlock the phone. In 2018, Apple released three versions of the iPhone X: iPhone Xs, iPhone X Max (a larger version of the Xs), and the budget-friendly iPhone Xr, all with improved camera technology that enables what Apple terms, Smart HDR (high dynamic range) photography. Going forward, Apple is expected to continue with OLED displays for its 2019 devices, and there are some rumors that the company plans to soon retire its earlier LCD (liquid crystal display) displays altogether.

No Smoking Legislation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

No Smoking Legislation - Essay Example The designated locations for the display have similar characteristics, they all holds large number of persons. The legislation has some exceptions to particular business premises; the law allows the businesses to designate or allocate enclosed regions where their customers can smoke. No smoking legislation is effective in reducing health problems in the population (Ahn, 2012). Different countries globally have adopted the legislation after carrying out researches. There has been evident change in terms of health as a result of the ban; cases related with both active and passive smoking drastically reduced. Personally, I support the ban or no smoking legislation, with the bar it has reduced the number of children admitted as result of asthmatic attacks in hospital at both United States and United Kingdom (Carter, 2012). Children are the most victims of passive smoking in the society, hence, ban in public smoking will be an initiative to safeguard children’s and passive smokerâ €™s health. Statistics shows that before the ban, the percentage of children being admitted due to serious asthma attacks were increasing by 2.2% each year in United States. After the implementation of the no smoking legislation, the percentage of children admission accordingly to asthmatic attack reduced by 12.3% and there is further reduction by 3% annually. Other research conducted in Scotland and china had similar outcome, reflecting in the reduction of public health problem because of passive or active smoking. Therefore, on personal perspective, the ban on public smoking should continue to be implemented (Carter, 2012). Past and Current Cases Related To Ban There have been many cases that evolved after execution of no smoking in public policy, which are both positive and negative. On the past cases, after public ban, there was court petition at Ohio to stop implementation of the law. People who filed the petition were citizens and other business personalities. For the busi ness owners, they filled their petition citing that the law was invading on the business property rights, hence affecting their ability to generate income (Ahn, 2012). Citizen filed petition on the ground that it affect their personal life, thus citing that the law should either be amended or abolished. After implementation of the law, there has been imposition of fine to the public and private premises that violates the act. Many businesses have been taken to court after failing to abide to the law. In some of the past cases where bars at Ohio failed to respect laws; bars did not have posters on No smoking and it allowed its citizens to smoke in public. The magistrate fined the bars showing examples to other business to abide to the provided decree. After the attainment of ban in several parts globally, countries have gone further to abolish or prohibits advertisement of tobacco product. Some countries prohibited Tobacco Company to sponsor any sporting events. The ban of sponsorshi p and advertisement in the European Union (EU) in the year 2005 impelled formula one management to find other ways, which allows display of the livery or racing color of tobacco sponsorship (Gilleskie & Strumpf, 2000). These later led to some of the scheduled races to be cancelled in the

Lifelet assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lifelet assignment - Essay Example I am currently working in the physics lab at Stanford University as part of my graduate school studies. I am so very pleased that I was able to land this position as it took ten days (at ten letters per day) worth of e-mailing just to get the professor’s attention regarding my desire to participate in Stanford lab activities. The university staff was very helpful in writing the necessary recommendation letters so that I could succeed in America and I will be forever grateful for their assistance. I came to the United States on May 22, 2005, arriving in San Francisco. At first, I have to admit that I was quite overwhelmed by the architecture and the vast variety of food available on market shelves. People always seemed to be rushing around which was quite different than the culture in Korea who are more laid back in terms of managing personal and business-related priorities. I have to admit that I, at first, expected that America would have similar cultural values and beliefs, however this personal misconception gave me somewhat of a rude awakening. For instance, Koreans are generally more open about expressing their personal feelings because of the collectivist culture which exists overseas. Most everyone in Korea shares similar beliefs and values, making it easy for most everyone to relate to one another. Americans are very individualistic and are more reserved when it comes to self-expression and generally work on their own, unique life agendas. When I first began working in the Stanford lab environment, I was taken aback by Americans’ reservations about discussing personal issues and did not find the highly collaborative environment I was expecting. In Korea, people who work together generally become very close and share their life stories, such as birthdays, family issues, and their areas of personal interest. During the first portion of my lab work at the university, I really did

The Neo-Malthusian Population theory Essay Example for Free

The Neo-Malthusian Population theory Essay As stated the Neo-Malthusian population theory claims that poor nations are stuck in a cycle of poverty which they cant get out of unless some sort of preventative measures of population checks are engaged. The Malthusian model was developed two centuries ago by a man named Thomas Malthus. Malthuss model is based upon a relationship between both population growth as well as economic development. Empirical studies now-a-days show that the population theory model is quite flawed because of many factors that render even the two main variables in the theory (population growth and level of per-capita income) not fit to be used within the same conceptual frame work as there is no clear link between them. Egypt and Kuwait are perfect examples where the model would clearly fail to explain the unexpected link between population growth rate and comparative economic development respectively. As hitherto stated the Malthusian population theory is based on two factors; population growth and economic development. Primarily the theory at its core states that there is a tendency in countries unless there is a problem with the food supply that its population is going to double every 30 to 40 years. Based on this model of doubling growth rate; because of fixed factors such as land, food supplies and the population having less land to work on to because of the proposed growth rate, the individuals contribution to food production would go down. The theory further proposes that because the food supply could not match the growing population per capita incomes based at the time on an agrarian society, the end result accordingly would be a stable population which is barely leading a stable population that is living barely at subsistence level. Malthus felt that according to his theory that the only way to avoid being stuck in this loop of abject poverty was to engage in what he called moral restraint. Moral restraint is basically acknowledging the fact that our contribution to the population is leading the populous to a state of economic deprivation. In an indirect way as Todaro puts it Malthus was the father of the birth control movement, he furthermore stated that we are morally obligated to regulate birth rate because of the economic and social repercussions that accompany that growth. Modern day economists have named  Malthuss theory perhaps justifiably as the Malthusian population trap; justifiably named in my opinion because of the difficulty is reducing birthrates let alone the actual size of the population and escaping abject poverty. The Malthusian population theory is based upon two important factors that formulate its ideology: population and per capita income (based on aggregate production). The theory in detail states that at a very low level of per capita income, the population change will be zero and a stable population will exist, this is seen in the case of absolute poverty where the birth rates are equivalent to the death rates. The equilibrium between birth rates and death rates is reached quite simply because higher incomes means less starvation and disease so the more the population expands the more people will die because of starvation or other causes because there is only so much food to cover their needs. The theory also states that if the population achieves its maximum rate at an even higher per capita income it is still assumed that the population will remain at the same size and unlikely that any real change will be noticed until higher per capita incomes are realized. The other part to the theory states that there is a link between growth rates of aggregate income (when there is no population growth) and the levels of per capita income. A directly proportionate conclusion might easily be reached that if aggregate income is rising then per capita income has to be increasing and if the total population is growing faster than the total income, per capita income must be falling. The ideology of the theory doesnt stop here because it is based on the positive assumption that saving increases with the incremental increase of income. Quite simply countries that have a higher per capita income are assumed to be able to generate a higher savings rate and rationally more money is available for investment. It is assumed though that beyond a certain point in per capita income is supposed to level off and in some cases decline as new investments are made and more people are forced to work with fixed amount of land and resources. This is called the point of diminishing returns in the Malthusian model, the aggregate income growth is analogous of the total production curve, at least  thats how the basic theory of production goes. Quite simply when the population is growing faster than actual income, per capita will always fall, similarly when income grows faster than population it causes the equilibrium per capita income to rise. The pretence of the theory states that poor nations will never be able to rise above subsistence levels of per capita unless they apply a system of checks (birth control) upon the population. Without birth control nature has its own positive checks such as starvation, disease, wars that will do what humans fail to accomplish in birth control. The Malthusian trap as simple and as appealing as a theory concerning the relationship between population growth and economic development goes is based on simplistic assumption that Todaro and anyone with logic can curtail do not stand the test of empirical verifications. Malthus completely ignores the huge impact that technology has on hindering the growth-inhibiting factors of rapid population increase. Malthus had no way of knowing 200 years ago the effects that technology has on either raising the quality of land or the advancements that were to be made to tools to further enhance the production of the same amount of land. Rapid and continuing technological progress can be presented by a clear upward shift of income growth. Per capita has to grow over time hence giving a chance to all countries in escaping the Malthusian population trap. The second criticism of the trap is that he assumes that national rates of population increase are directly related to national per capita income. Clear research in LDCs show that there is no clear link between population growth rates and level of per capita income. With the institution of modern medicine and public health programs, death rates have fallen lower with no real relationship to per capita income levels. The real measure is not aggregate level of per capita but rather the real factor effecting population growth is how the income is distributed. If we were to take Egypt for example as you had suggested we would find that it had been trying to implement birth control programs as early as  1966, even though Egypt is looked upon as a successful model in decreasing its population, per capita income more than anything has been going down, simply because a population cant be decreased over night. Another important point that falsifies the model when we look at Egypt we find a rather strong economic buffer for the poor since expensive goods like bread and many medicines are subsidized by the government making it more likely that the population will not be naturally thinned out by means of positive checks as the theory curtails. If we were to look at purchasing power per capita of Kuwait we would find it $ 15,000 as apposed to Egypts measly $ 3,700. Kuwait also has a growth rate of 3.33 % as apposed to Egypts 1.66 %. The mere stating of these numbers completely falsifies the Malthusian model by all means here is a country like Egypt with a low population growth rate and a very low per capita income whereas Kuwait has a much higher growth rate but also five time the per capita income that Egypt posses. The theory overlooked not only technological aspects but completely over looked rentee economies like Kuwait have populations that can never be effected by supply of food. The Malthusian model is well based in theory and looks quite good on paper however it hardly holds water when applied to either real life nations or when critically analyzed as I have attempted to during the writing of this paper. Quite notably countries like Egypt and Kuwait completely bring the theory to its feet without much effort. I believe that when Malthus wrote his theory 200 years ago this was by all means a complete revolution even in the ideology of thought when he tried to find out why some nations remained poor no matter what they did.

To what extent did the World’s Fair of 1893 impact the United States of

Background As of today, the city of Chicago is the third largest city in the United States, right behind New York and Los Angles. It is home to more 3 million people, but this was not always the case. When the city was created in 1833, it only "coveted less than half a square mile on either side of the main channel of the Chicago River and contained only 350 adventurous inhabitants, mostly male." (Abu-Lughod 49). As the years went on the city continued to grow and by 1870 its "economic base had evolved considerably" (51). However, the following year Chicago suffered a disaster that ultimately destroyed the city. This event is known as the Great Chicago Fire. The fire is said to have begun in a small farm owned by Catherine and Patrick O'Leary and lasted for 36 hours. The fire destroyed more than 18,000 buildings, leaving around 99,000 of the city’s residents homeless, and killed more than 300 people. Despite the destruction of almost the entire city, Chicago was able to rebuild and rees tablish itself as a place that offered opportunities, and a future. Although Chicago continued to grow rapidly, the US entered an economic depression in 1893. Luckily for the country, this was the very year that Chicago had been selected to host the 1893 World’s Fair, also known as the World’s Columbian Exposition. This fair gave not only the city of Chicago, but also the US, an opportunity to show the world what this nation was capable of creating and building. Introduction The World’s Fair of 1893 was set to commemorate the 400th year anniversary of Columbus’ voyage to America. When the top leaders in the US heard about the opportunity of hosting the fair, they quickly showed their interest. The main cities that showed interest were New York,... ...he building would not be designed the way they are now in the city. The fair allowed Chicago to be the great city it is today and have the magnificent downtown envied by many other cities. Work Cited Abu-Lughod, Janet L. New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America's Global Cities. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1999. Print. Crandall, Abbey, and Daniel Green. "Chicago Inventions." Chicago World's Fair. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2013. Maranzani, Barbara. "7 Things You May Not Know About the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 01 May 2013. Web. 27 May 2013. Rose, Julie K. "World's Columbian Exposition: Reactions to the Fair." World's Columbian Exposition: Reactions to the Fair. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2013. Rydell, Robert W. "World's Columbian Exposition." World's Columbian Exposition. Encyclopedia of Chicago, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2013.

Microeconomics Research Paper

Nicholas Benyola Professor Mansourian Econ 201- 25 17 May 2012 Microeconomics Research Paper Minimum Wage In the United States, minimum wage has remained at a low number for several years. Minimum wage is defined as the lowest possible income that an employer can legally pay an employee. This ensures that all people are fairly paid and not defrauded by companies or businesses. Minimum wage is considered a price floor and the minimum wage laws determine the lowest price possible that any employer must pay for labor.In an economic model, the quantity of supplied is greater than the quantity demanded and the minimum wage is above equilibrium price and quantity. Minimum wage prevents labor supplied and labor demanded from moving toward equilibrium price and quantity. Although the government is trying to maintain a good balance of income distribution, there are is a high amount of people that work year round and still fall under the national poverty level. The government tries to stop the rich from getting richer, and the poor from getting poorer, so they make sure that everyone is earning the same amount of money.Even if our balanced income distribution is at a good number, an increase of the minimum wage price would help our country in a lot of ways. Raising the current minimum wage is one way to reduce poverty, will help businesses grow, and could help a lot of communities as well. The first advantage of increasing the minimum wage is that it will help poor people to earn a higher income. For many workers, minimum wage is simply not enough money for them to be able to support their families. A higher minimum wage would guarantee a higher quality of life for the people who work in basic jobs such as cleaning and preparing fast food.These workers' economic situations are usually a result of their lack of education and training, and it is often difficult for them to get more education or training because of their economic situation. For many working Americans, an in crease in the minimum wage will make the difference between living in poverty and not. An increase has the potential to help the standard of living for the poorest of people. This is a true statement, but opposition says that this only drives up the standard of living and inflation rate in the world. Inflation is defined as the overall general upward price movement of goods and services in an economy.Although some people who earn the minimum wage are teenagers, almost two-thirds are adults. The average minimum wage worker brings home about half of his family's earnings. Increasing the minimum wage will help these workers to make up for lost ground due to inflation and it will help make work pay. Though inflation is one of the main problems in our economy and even though inflation and minimum wage are directly related, increasing minimum wage will give opportunity for a lot of lower class families to make enough to afford important things, such as insurance.If someone takes a trip to the doctor, with no insurance, they will most likely have to pay around eight- hundred dollars out of pocket. This would take anyone at least three months on minimum wage with two incomes to pay off these medical bills. Barak Obama’s plan to institute a health care plan for everyone will relieve a huge burden on people and also allow them to stay above the poverty line. Heidi Shierholz, an economist at the Economic Policy Institute says, â€Å"Jacking the federal minimum wage from $7. 25 to $8. 25 would give a raise to 10 million workers, including many currently earning their state minimum wage† (Shierholz).This research supports that a minimum wage increase would help millions of people who work not only at the minimum wage but below it and just above it as well. While an increase of a few thousand dollars per year would rarely lift a person or a family out of poverty, it could ease the struggle to pay for groceries, child care or rent, and it adds meaning and digni ty to labor. A higher minimum wage is not enough, but it is very essential for the working poor. Minimum wage was created to keep businesses from taking advantage of their employees.Most of the workforce making minimum wage is young adults because companies feel that they can take advantage of them. Of the total affected workers, women suffer the most which is evidence that companies still have gender discrimination in the workplace. Companies are not only paying people small amounts of money but are also treating the women of America unfairly. If discrimination ended in the workplace then businesses would grow because they would have a more diverse workplace. Employees who are earned a higher wage would take their job more seriously.They would call in sick less often and would be more productive on the days they are at work. An employee working for a lower wage may spend a great deal of time job hunting, looking for a position that pays more but if employees are already earning a h igher wage, they would not have to be searching for a higher paying job. This would reduce employee turnover for companies. John Montgomery, economic analyst for ABC states that, â€Å"From the business perspective, wages come in as one of the most expensive running costs, and have to be paid whether you are taking money that day or not.However, if there were no minimum wage, there is no doubt that many unscrupulous businesses would exploit staff wherever they could† (Montgomery). Of these adult workers, over half work full time and another third work between twenty and thirty hours per week. This statistic shows that a big majority of adults on minimum wage are working at least twenty hours a week. So, if minimum wage increases, it could be a huge benefit because it could add a ten increase to a final salary and this would affect millions of people in our workforce in a positive way.For most small companies there is a major upside to a minimum wage increase because it can st imulate the economy. Usually when people make more money, sometimes they make lifestyle changes and they buy more which generates more revenue in the economy. Raising the minimum wage would be beneficial not only to business but to communities as well. Many poor families rely upon economic aid from social services to survive and these organizations not only cost the community tax payer but they also take away from services provided by local businesses.With an increased minimum wage, low wage workers would be less reliant on social services and more willing to spend their money in the local economy. Over time people would be making more money and then would be able to afford more things in their community. The lower class is dependent upon dollar stores because their low income does not support flexible spending. This creates unequal revenue to producers, so an increase of minimum wage would help communities as a whole because more business would have the chance to grow.Kai Filion, P olicy Analyst at the Economic Policy Institute, notes that â€Å"A recent study by economists at the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago examined 23 years of household spending data and found that an increase in the minimum wage lead households with a minimum wage to significantly increase their spending. † This research supports that even a slight increase of minimum wage would increase spending throughout communities which would be beneficial for the entire country because it would increase the local tax base.Many government programs that try to help people with low income place a tax burden directly on others. Raising taxes is not a necessary step in establishing a higher minimum wage because government should not be taxing companies, but asking them to pay more to their employees. An increase in payment to employees would increase business expenses which would help companies pay less in taxes. Therefore, an increased minimum wage has potential to aid in the growth of communit ies around the world.For Americans, we must support an increase of minimum wage to further promote a healthy economy and a decrease in poverty. Minimum wage is one program that promotes active participation in the labor market and if the amount of citizens on welfare is going to decline, they should be offered more jobs that can pay a livable wage. If minimum wage workers were paid a living wage, they would spend it in the local economy which would turn in to a powerful economic stimulus and the government would save money on a lot of expenses.Raising the current minimum wage is one way to reduce poverty, will help businesses grow, and could help many suffering communities throughout the nation. This step toward economic equality may be essential for workers of all classes to have opportunity for a better standard of living. Works Cited * â€Å"Minimum Wage Increase Would Help Sluggish Economy, Say Experts. † The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost. com, 07 June 2011. Web. 16 May 2012. . * â€Å"Http://www. abc. net. au/news/2012-05-16/unions-push-to-increase-state-min

Wild Animals As Pets

According to HSUS, the human society of the United States, wild animal trade is a multi-billion business, following to drugs and weaponries on the black market. It is a fifteen billion dollar industry in America alone. Keeping wild animals as pets not only risks your life but the people around you too. Not to mention, the animal itself and the environment. There has been numerous cases where the animal has been killed, neglected, and where they have unsatisfied its basic needs.Exotic animals deserve to live in their natural habitat where they are most happy; consequently more legislation needs to be enacted that restricts and makes owning wild animals illegal. The five worst common wild animals that are kept as pets are Primates, large cats, venomous snakes, bears, and coatis. There are many reasons why these would make terrible pets such as the animal can injure you or even kill you. Some big cats at first might be cute to play with while they are young. However once an adult, it ca n end up being very aggressive.Furthermore, instinctive behavior and behavioral disorders are normal, you can never know what to expect from them. It takes time to domesticate an animal, taming dogs and cats took centuries. They simply do not do well with people like ordinary pets do. There was a case where a two-hundred pound pet chimp in Stamford, Connecticut, fiercely attacked a woman he had been well known for years, leaving her severely wounded with most of her face ripped off. The woman, Charla Nash of age 55,was visiting her friend, Sandra Herold, who owned the chimpanzee.The chimps name was Travis, who was a famous figure downtown, who had performed in TV advertisements and frequently modeled or snapshots at the shop ran by his proprietor. Sandra aggressively tried to get Travis off, but she was no match for a two-hundred pound ape. So she called for help, shortly, the police had come. Once they had arrived Travis ran away, the police went in search for him and shot him, but then he had ran away again. The police ultimately picked up a hint of blood leading to the household and discovering him deceased.Charla had to go through a twenty hour, multiple face transplant operation and is blind for life. Outbreaks like the one in the Charla Nash case wouldn’t of happened if wild animals were kept in their natural habitat. Keeping the animal is just bad for the animal itself. Some owners will have the exotic animals teeth or claws detached, not only does it hurt the animal but it is cruel. How does a bird feel if it can’t soar in the sky? Even if an animal does keep its entire body parts, the minimal room it has as related to the wild regularly generates insanity, depression, and vicious behavior.Such psychological problems can be often seen as a mutilation in such as tearing fur or feathers off their limbs. Most people who own wild animals keep them in a cage or captive. Cages are prisons to animals. Animals held confined cannot wander, fly, cl imb, pick a spouse or live at will. They are imprisoned, hampered, and isolated. They are stripped of regulation over their natural lives! Also, having medical maintenance for the animal is very hard. Some owners are afraid to bring their wild pet to the vet because it is often banned to have them in the first place.Additionally, various exotic animals hide the signs of sickness, and the majority of people wouldn’t even know what indications to look for. Lastly, finding an appropriate veterinarian could require a visit to the wildlife park which can be quite expensive. There are also significant environmental aspects to take in mind. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals informs that newborn animals are the most wanted and produce dealers the biggest profits. Poachers will generally slaughter the defensive mother so that it's easier to capture the baby, furthering the stimulation of the extinction  rate of countless already endangered animals. While some exotic pets have been created in confinement, many wild animals are taken straight from their inherent homes.The pressure of being violently removed from their families causes certain animals to pass away before they even get to a private residence. Removing exotic animals from their natural environment, like the tropical rain forest or African savannas negatively disturbs the ecosystems, which, confirming from the ASPCA, depend on those species to advance the life progression of vegetation and maintain animal populations in check.There are fairly a couple national laws that disallow the exportation and federal transmission of certain wild pets in the United States. These consist of the imprisonment of Wildlife Security Act, the Wild Bird Conservation Act and the Endangered Species Act. Furthermore, numerous states have limitations on the possession of exotic pets. According to the ASPCA, these regulations vary immensely from one state to another state and can estimate from to tal sanctions to merely demanding a license.Internationally, the Settlement on the Global Trade in Endangered Species of Plants and Wildlife standardizes the import and export of vanishing species. In a somewhat different disposition, animal benefit establishments like the human society of the United States have established assemblies like the Species Survival Network to endorse wildlife fortification and educate communities about the endangerments of wild pet ownership. Though, despite these legislations and a humanitarian purpose, the exotic pet trade is still a thriving industry.

Personality Essays

Personality Essays Personality Essay Personality Essay While there are many different theories of personality, the first step is to understand exactly what is meant by the term personality. The word personality itself stems from the Latin word persona, which referred to a theatrical mask work by performers in order to either project different roles or disguise their identities. A brief definition would be that personality is made up of the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that make a person unique. In addition to this, personality arises from within the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life. Some other definitions of personality: Personality refers to individuals characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior, together with the psychological mechanisms hidden or not behind those patterns. This definition means that among their colleagues in other subfields of psychology, those psychologists who study personality have a unique mandate: to explain whole pers ons. (Funder, D. C. , 1997) Although no single definition is acceptable to all personality theorists, we can say that personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a persons behavior. (Feist and Feist, 2009) While there are many different theories of personality, the first step is to understand exactly what is meant by the term personality. The word personality itself stems from the Latin word persona, which referred to a theatrical mask work by performers in order to either project different roles or disguise their identities. A brief definition would be that personality is made up of the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that make a person unique. In addition to this, personality arises from within the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life. Some other definitions of personality: Personality refers to individuals characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior, together with the psychological mechanisms hidden or not behind those patterns. This definition means that among their colleagues in other subfields of psychology, those psychologists who study personality have a unique mandate: to explain whole persons. (Funder, D. C. , 1997) Although no single definition is acceptable to all personality theorists, we can say that personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a persons behavior. (Feist and Feist, 2009) These personality types are Sanguine Phlegmatic Choleric Melancholic Long ago, each of these types was associated with a dominant humor present in the body: sanguine – blood humor, phlegmatic – phlegm humor, choleric – yellow bile humor, melancholic – black bile humor. Additionally to that, the latest research shows that these four basic temperaments are associated with chemicals, like dopamine (for sanguine type), estrogen (for phlegmatic type), testosterone (for choleric type) and serotonin (for melancholic type). The Sanguine Type This type is characterized by spontaneity, optimism, enthusiasm, high energy, mental flexibility, novelty seeking, impulsiveness and curiosity. These traits are associated with specific genes in the dopamine system. These people often have very expressive faces and love using words like â€Å"adventure†, â€Å"energy†, â€Å"new†, â€Å"fun†, â€Å"active†, â€Å"travel† and similar. The Phlegmatic Type These people are mainly defined by their social skills, such as their ability to express themselves and read other people face expressions and body language. They do well at connecting facts and seeing â€Å"the big picture†. They are nurturing, sympathetic, agreeable and emotionally expressive. Some of these character traits are linked with estrogen that is present in both men and women. Physically you can recognize them by their smooth skin, full lips, round faces and small noses. Their favorite words are â€Å"passion†, â€Å"passionate†, â€Å"sensitive† and â€Å"sweet†. The Choleric Type This type is associated with testosterone, which is also present in men and women, but more so in men. These people are direct, focused, tough, analytical, logical and strategic. They have a great deal of courage and like to compete, often against each other. They often have square jaws, high cheekbones and high foreheads and love to use words like â€Å"intellect†, â€Å"ambition† and â€Å"challenge†. More  » The Melancholic Type Melancholics tend to be calm, loyal and orderly, just as their personality name sounds. They are cautious and conventional. These men and women inherited genes in the serotonin system and their favorite words are â€Å"family†, â€Å"loyal†, â€Å"respect†, â€Å"caring†, â€Å"values† and â€Å"moral†. Thorndikes theory of learning 1. Learning is incremental. [9] 2. Learning occurs automatically. [9] 3. All animals learn the same way. [9] 4. Law of effect- if an association is followed by a â€Å"satisfying state of affairs† it will be strengthened and if it is followed by an â€Å"annoying state of affairs â€Å" it will be weakened. 5. Thorndike’s law of exercise has two parts; the law of use and the law of disuse. . Law of use- the more often an association is used the stronger it becomes. [15] 2. Law of disuse- the longer an association is unused the weaker it becomes. [15] 6. Law of recency- the most recent response is most likely to reoccur. [15] 7. Multiple response- problem solving through trial and error. An animal will try multiple respo nses if the first response does not lead to a specific state of affairs. [15] 8. Set or attitude- animals are predisposed to act in a specific way. [15] 9. Prepotency of elements- a subject can filter out irrelevant aspects of a problem and focus and respond only to significant elements of a problem. [15] 10. Response by analogy- responses from a related or similar context may be used in a new context. [15] 11. Identical elements theory of transfer- This theory states that the extent to which information learned in one situation will transfer to another situation is determined by the similarity between the two situations. [9] The more similar the situations are, the greater the amount of information that will transfer. 9] Similarly, if the situations have nothing in common, information learned in one situation will not be of any value in the other situation. [9] 12. Associative shifting- it is possible to shift any response from occurring with one stimulus to occurring with another stimulus. [15] Associative shift maintains that a response is first made to situation A, then to AB, and then finally to B, thus shifting a response from one condition to another by associating it with that condition. [16] 13. Law of readiness- a quality in responses and connections that results in readiness to act. 16] Thorndike acknowledges that responses may differ in their readiness. [16] He claims that eating has a higher degree of readiness than vomiting, that weariness detracts from the readiness to play and increases the readiness to sleep. [16] Also, Thorndike argues that a low or negative status in respect to readiness is called unreadiness. [16] Behavior and learning are influenced by the readiness or unreadiness of responses, as well as by their strength. [16] 14. Identifiability- According to Thorndike, the identification or placement of a situation is a first response of the nervous system, which can recognize it. 16] Then connections may be made to one another or to another response, and these connections depend upon the original identification. [16] Therefore, a large amount of learning is made up of changes in the ident ifiability of situations. [16] Thorndike also believed that analysis might turn situations into compounds of features, such as the number of sides on a shape, to help the mind grasp and retain the situation, and increase their identifiability. [16] 15. Availability- The ease of getting a specific response. 16] For example, it would be easier for a person to learn to touch their nose or mouth than it would be for them to draw a line 5  inches long with their eyes closed. [16] Development of law of effect Thorndikes research focused on instrumental learning, which means that learning is developed from the organism doing something. For example, he placed a cat inside a wooden box. The cats used various methods trying to get out, however it does not work until it hits the lever. Afterwards, Thorndike tried placing the cat inside the wooden box again, this time, the cat is able to hit the lever quickly and succeeded to get out from the box. At first, Thorndike emphasized the importance of dissatisfaction stemming from failure as equal to the reward of satisfaction with success, though in his experiments and trials on humans he came to conclude that reward is a much more effective motivator than punishment. He also emphasized that the satisfaction must come immediately after the success, or the lesson would not sink in. [ Transfer of learning is the study of the dependency of human conduct, learning, or performance on prior experience. The notion was originally introduced as transfer of practice by Edward Thorndike and Robert S. Woodworth. [1] They explored how individuals would transfer learning in one context to another context that shared similar characteristics  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ or more formally how improvement in one mental function could influence another related one. Their theory implied that transfer of learning depends on the proportion to which the learning task and the transfer task are similar, or where identical elements are concerned in the influencing and influenced function, now known as identical element theory. Transfer research has since attracted much attention in numerous domains, producing a wealth of empirical findings and theoretical interpretations. However, there remains considerable controversy about how transfer of learning should be conceptualized and explained, what its probability occurrence is, what its relation is to learning in general, or whether it may be said to exist at all. 2] Most discussions of transfer to date can be developed from a common operational definition, describing it as the process and the effective extent to which past experiences (also referred to as the transfer source) affect learning and performance in a current novel situation (the transfer target). [3] This, however, is usually where the general consensus between various research approaches ends. There are a wide variety of viewpoints and theoretical frameworks apparent in the literature. For review purposes, these are categorized as follows: a taxonomical pproach to transfer research that usually intends to categorize transfer into different types; an application domain-driven approach by focusing on developments and contributions of different disciplines that have traditionally been interested in transfer; the examination of the psychological scope of transfer models with respect to the psychological functions or faculties that are being regarded; and a concept-driven evaluation, which reveals underlying relationships and differences between theoretical and empirical traditions. Do we really forget? Many people think that the human mind is too complex to explain, and memory is no exception. Even though vast amounts of research have been carried out into how we remember (and forget! ) things, nobody knows for sure the model on which human memory is based. There are, nonetheless, two main reasons for which psychologists think we forget information: You store information in your memory but are unable to remember it when you need to, but perhaps can at a later date. In this case, information is inaccessible The human memory simply forgets information, permenantly, and the physical traces of the memory disappear. In which case, information is unavailable Forgetting You can’t talk about remembering without mentioning its counterpart. It seems that as much as we do remember, we forget even more. Forgetting isn’t really all that bad, and is in actuality, a pretty natural phenomenon. Imagine if you remembered every minute detail of every minute or every hour, of every day during your entire life, no matter how good, bad, or insignificant. Now imagine trying to sift through it all for the important stuff like where you left your keys. There are many reasons we forget things and often these reasons overlap. Like in the example above, some information never makes it to LTM. Other times, the information gets there, but is lost before it can attach itself to our LTM. Other reasons include decay, which means that information that is not used for an extended period of time decays or fades away over time. It is possible that we are physiologically preprogrammed to eventually erase data that no longer appears pertinent to us. Failing to remember something doesn’t mean the information is gone forever though. Sometimes the information is there but for various reasons we can’t access it. This could be caused by distractions going on around us or possibly due to an error of association (e. g. , believing something about the data which is not correct causing you to attempt to retrieve information that is not there). There is also the phenomenon of repression, which means that we purposefully (albeit subconsciously) push a memory out of reach because we do not want to remember the associated feelings. This is often sited in cases where adults ‘forget’ incidences of sexual abuse when they were children. And finally, amnesia, which can be psychological or physiological in origin Memory Human memory, like memory in a computer, allows us to store information for later use. In order to do this, however, both the computer and we need to master three processes involved in memory. The first is called encoding; the process we use to transform information so that it can be stores. For a computer this means transferring data into 1’s and 0’s. For us, it means transforming the data into a meaningful form such as an association with an existing memory, an image, or a sound. Next is the actual storage, which simply means holding onto the information. For this to take place, the computer must physically write the 1’ and 0’s onto the hard drive. It is very similar for us because it means that a physiological change must occur for the memory to be stored. The final process is called retrieval, which is bringing the memory out of storage and reversing the process of encoding. In other words, return the information to a form similar to what we stored. The major difference between humans and computers in terms of memory has to do with how the information is stored. For the most part, computers have only two types; permanent storage and permanent deletion. Humans, on the other hand are more complex in that we have three distinct memory storage capabilities (not including permanent deletion). The first is   Sensory memory, referring to the information we receive through the senses. This memory is very brief lasting only as much as a few seconds.

The History of the Transistor

The History of the Transistor The transistor is an influential little invention that changed the course of history in a big way for computers and all electronics. History of Computers You can look at the computer as being made of many different inventions or components. We can name four key inventions that made a huge impact on computers. An impact large enough that they can be referred to as a generation of change. The first generation of computers depended upon the invention of vacuum tubes; for the second generation it was transistors; for the third, it was the integrated circuit; and the fourth generation of computers came about after the invention of the microprocessor. The Impact of Transistors Transistors transformed the world of electronics and had a huge impact on computer design. Transistors made of semiconductors replaced tubes in the construction of computers. By replacing bulky and unreliable vacuum tubes with transistors, computers could now perform the same functions, using less power and space. Before transistors, digital circuits were composed of vacuum tubes. The story of ENIAC computer speaks volumes about the disadvantages of vacuum tubes in computers. A transistor is a device composed of semiconductor materials (germanium and silicon) that can both conduct and insulate Transistors switch and modulate electronic current. The transistor was the first device designed to act as both a transmitter, converting sound waves into electronic waves, and resistor, controlling electronic current. The name transistor comes from the trans of transmitter and sistor of resistor. The Transistor Inventors John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain were all scientists at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey. They were researching the behavior of germanium crystals as semiconductors in an attempt to replace vacuum tubes as mechanical relays in telecommunications. The vacuum tube, used to amplify music and voice, made long-distance calling practical, but the tubes consumed power, created heat and burned out rapidly, requiring high maintenance. The teams research was about to come to a fruitless end when the last attempt to try a purer substance as a contact point lead to the invention of the first point-contact transistor amplifier. Walter Brattain and John Bardeen were the ones who built the point-contact transistor, made of two gold foil contacts sitting on a germanium crystal. When electric current is applied to one contact, the germanium boosts the strength of the current flowing through the other contact. William Shockley improved upon their work creating a junction transistor with sandwiches of N- and P-type germanium. In 1956, the team received the Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of the transistor. In 1952, the junction transistor was first used in a commercial product, a Sonotone hearing aid. In 1954, the first transistor radio, the Regency TR1 was manufactured. John Bardeen and Walter Brattain took out a patent for their transistor. William Shockley applied for a patent for the transistor effect and a transistor amplifier.

''How does the distance from the radius affect the frequency of its Research Proposal

''How does the distance from the radius affect the frequency of its sound'' - Research Proposal Example Sound, like all other waves display various properties. These properties include wavelength, period, frequency,speed, amplitude, intensity and direction. Amplitude and loudness refer to a similar thing. It depends on how much compression is done. Sound waves disperse after leaving the source. This leads to a notable decrease in amplitude. In case of an absorption of the sound waves by the medium, amplitude decreases as it travels through it. Sound wavelength is the distance from one crest to the next. Sound being a compression wave has its wavelength being the distance between the maximum compressions. Sound frequency refers to the passing rate of waves at a given point. It is used interchangeably with pitch and also note for musical sounds. But for all wavelengths, sound's velocity is roughly the same. Therefore frequency comes in handy in the description of the effects of the various wavelengths. Frequency and wavelength determine the pitch of a sound wave. A high pitched sound is in corresopondence with a high frequency sound wave and vice versa for low pitched sounds. Under normal circumstances, one effect can observe the Doppler Effect any time the source's velocity moves slower than the wave's velocity. However, whenever the source's velocity is the same or faster than the wave's speed, the source becomes the leads the waves produced. When there is a time snapshot for various waves an aeroplane produces with due to moving at the same velocity as the wave, it is called a shorkwave. This also happens if the plane is swifter than the sound's speed. When a supersonic aeroplane passes an obeject, a sonic boom is heard. It happens due to a pile-up of compressional fronts on wave pattern's conical edges. This piling up interferes with one another, producing extremely high pressure zones. These zones then all reach the object at once. There follows rarefaction where the high pressure zone is immeidately followed by lower pressure one, creating loud noise. Sound speed is mainly dependent on the medium the wavesare travelling through. This is normally the material's fundamental property. Physical properties including a sound's velocity vary depending on the environmental conditions. For instance, the velocity of soundwaves in though gases is highly dependent on the temperature. The vibration of a sound source creates compression waves of sound.In order to study the effect of distance from the midpoint of a snare on the frequency emmitted, the Doppler Effect theory is employed. According to this theory, there is always a change in frequency and wavelength of sound waves and other waves in general with respect to distance. It derives its name from Christian Doppler, an Austrian physicist and mathematician. He first proposed this effect in the year 1842 in his book. Later in 1845, Buys Ballot tested this hypothesis for sound waves. He made a confirmation that the pitch of a

Continuity and Change of Scribal Education Essay

Continuity and Change of Scribal Education - Essay Example ole in the dissemination of cuneiform literacy, which firstly appeared as an educational institution in the Old Babylonian period and was referred as Eduba, a Sumerian word meaning ‘the tablet house’ (Sjà ¶berg, 1974). One of the literary sources frequently mentioned is the royal Hymn dedicated to Ã…  ulgi, the king of The Third Dynasty of Ur. Ã…  ulgi is presented describing his scribal education and proclaiming himself a perfect scribe. The passage became a background for the supposition that scribal schools had already existed in the twenty first century BC, however this is unlikely since all preserved versions of this Hymn came from the Old Babylonian period and primary from the school tablets in 18th century BC (Kuhrt, 1995). Archaeological evidence provides the tablets mostly referred to the administration system (lists of agricultural items, receipts, taxation documents etc.). Therefore, both the archaeological and literary sources hardly allow locating the appearance of the organized school practices earlier than the Old Babylonian epoch. However we can speculate that some scribal training was provided. A wide range of administration tablets could not be produced without the extensive knowledge of cuneiform literacy. Moreover, the texts from Ebla mention that the group of young scribes arrived from North Babylonian Mari. These tablets possibly indicate that Babylonian scribes were sent to teach their foreign colleagues, as Mieroop suggested. His assumption allows the suggestion that scribal schools probably existed already in the third millennium, and this is only not proved because of the absence of archaeological evidence (Mieroop, 2007). We know old Babylonian Eduba due to the references found in literary sources. Apart from royal hymns, Eduba is mentioned in Eduba-Dialogues, describing the student life. Examination Text A provides information about exams in scribal school. Another frequently quoted source is ‘Schooldays’ that contains a vivid

How did the spread of Industrial Revolution affect the colonization of Essay

How did the spread of Industrial Revolution affect the colonization of Africa in the late 19th century - Essay Example This invasion developed because of the collapse in slave trade industry, its suppression and eradication, and most significantly the growth and spread of industrial revolution in Europe. This essay tries to explore the impact of industrial revolution on African colonization in the late 19th century. According to Buzan and Lawson (2015), industrial revolution in Europe elevated the demand for more raw materials. Industrialization of all production modes, need for natural resources, human resources, and capital resources became the result of this revolution. Actually, Europe experienced no labor shortage. In addition, in the past two centuries Europeans had ensured great profits since they had been trading with Americans, Asians, and Africans. These profits helped them finance industrial revolution. The European resource was, however poor and thus most industries in Europe depended on raw materials from Africa, America, and Asia. For instance, cotton textile industry was among the earliest European industries that assisted in the stimulation of industrial revolution. The cotton textile industry completely depended on imported cotton. As industrialization developed and spread in the 19th century, European nations began competing for raw materials. Therefore, most European industri alists pressured their governments to consider colonizing African nations so as to create new sources for raw materials: eventually the scramble for Africa begun followed by colonization. Additionally, Buzan and Lawson (2015) assert that industrial revolution created the need for more markets. In the late 19th century, the industrial goods produced by European industries were more than the European market could consume. Therefore, European industrialists decided to seek for markets outside Europe. This created a competition for markets and as this competition grew, the pressure on the European governments to colonize Africa became immense. The pressure

Duopoly Coles vs Woolworths Essay Example for Free

Duopoly Coles vs Woolworths Essay For most of us its just part of everyday life decisions. Where to shop for the week, Coles or Woolworths? Should I drink Pepsi or Coke today? Do I go to MYER or David Jones to buy new make up from? We take in consideration a few prices, how convenient it will be to get there, what would we rather do, and that’s it. But there’s something bigger behind this. What is the impact on such big rivals, for us and the economy? It’s not just about personal choices. Living and studying in Australia for the past 11 months, going to do my grocery shopping at Coles or at Woolworths has become part of my routine. And because it is such an ordinary thing to do, we tend to forget that we make part of a much bigger picture, and are contributing to several factors regarding the Australian economy. However, this race for the best has its advantages and disadvantages, and of course, this is affecting us as well. The Price War One of the advantages of this never ending battle for us customers, are the low prices. Because there is such a big competition for prices, each of the supermarket brands will try to make it as affordable as possible to the consumer, as a reaction to get competitive advantage. One big example of this war is the milk price. Both supermarkets can sell milk for $1. It is very difficult to make any profit if you’re selling products at such a low price, as Rob Murray, the chief executive for the food and beverage group Lion stated. However this issue does not affect us consumers on a day-to-day basis, and the low prices keep us happy and of course, keep us shopping at these big supermarkets. Everyone wins with the Rewards Programs Another good thing for the shoppers at these two big chains is the rewards systems they have. And we win again. Despite the cheaper price war having been leaded by Coles the majority of times, Woolworths seems to have another way of fighting. Their CEO Grant O’Brien came out with a new strategy: the Everyday Rewards. The more the customer shops, the more discount they get. Users of the cards get exclusive offers, discount on fuel and can even earn Qantas flyer points. And not only in Woolworths, they have retail partners like Big W, Dick Smith and Cellarmasters that will also benefit the customer. Coles also has their rewards system, the Flybuys. With this card, apart from the exclusive offers on Coles and affiliated firms products, the customer collects points at every purchase, which can later be changed by different prizes. But this is not only good for the consumers. Its basically the company saying that they will give us prizes, in exchange for our information. A Rewards system allows the firm to collect data about their customers, which they can use in their favour, to create loyalty and promote trust. With the Everyday Rewards, Woolworths has been able to collect a good amount of information, while Flybuys is still in the process of build its strength. Easy and Simple Another very good thing for the customer about these two big brands is the convenience. Everywhere we go, every big shopping center and busy area in a suburb will have at least one of the two, if not both. Coles and Woolworths have very strong analysts that will know where to place their shops, and if there is an area lacking one, it’s probably not because they are still to build one, but because that are would not be so profitable yet. So for us, wherever we want to shop, we can always find one of these, and do not have to travel any long distance to get to one of these stores, as they are located almost everywhere too. Even for the most loyal customer from the small shops, sometimes it’s a lot more convenient to visit one of the big supermarkets, and they will end up buying something from there. Someone might be losing Unfortunately it’s not all flowers. For us to be paying such low prices, someone is losing money somewhere, and it’s not the big supermarkets. Because they are such big brands, suppliers need to have their products in their shelf. Coles and Woolworths claim they have built very strong relationships with their suppliers, and it might be true, but a lot of the smaller suppliers are getting ripped off. They â€Å"bully† the suppliers to sell their products at really low prices, and they know they have this power, otherwise they won’t sell enough. They will also charge more to have the  products placed in good positions on their shelves. A lot of the times the prices suppliers are charging are so small, that they are struggling to survive with these sales, and it generates another whole big problem. Creating Enemies The ones losing with the big duopoly from Coles and Woolworths are the smaller suppliers, and the smaller shops too. But not every customer is just happy in paying small prices, they want to make sure everyone involved is protected. For this reason, there is a big pressure on ACCC from suppliers and the smaller businesses which don’t have a chance to compete. There is a party called Australian Green, and they fight strong against the practices these two supermarkets have againg farmers and small suppliers. Their objective, as they state on the website, is to â€Å"tackle the supermarket duopoly†, and the measures they are willing to take are strong. For example, put a temporary ban on expansion from Coles and Woolworths, or stopping this duopoly to purchase agricultural land, so they can’t control the whole supply chain. The ACCC is also holding an investigation about the bullying of suppliers. While most of us will not care that much about the situation these su ppliers are in, or will not have option to shop somewhere else, there is a big group who does care. These are customers who are willing to pay more, but do their groceries in a small shop so they can help that business, and also do not buy the products from exploited suppliers. No more competition Unfortunately, the group of very unhappy customers mentioned before is not large enough to make sure the small businesses will survive. With such low prices and big chains, the two major supermarkets will not give a chance for a smaller business to survive in the middle of this war. It is just impossible to compete with the two major supermarkets prices and their powerful middlemen, and the small shops start disappearing. Without competition, a lot of the products that do not have space on Coles or Woolworths shelves may also disappear, and this will also have a big impact on the economy as there is unemployment rising. This process will damage Australia food’s industry, and with the lack of new firms it might mean a lack of new products, and the whole market can go stale. Tricking the customers To have products at such low prices, as it was mentioned before, the suppliers will end up losing. But the customers might also lose sometimes. For example, the free range eggs case. Both Coles and Woolworths claim that they want to help customers switch from industrialised to free range eggs, by cutting the prices on the second one. However, the suppliers pay for the price that we are not, as it is impossible to have a free range egg production at such low prices. The customer will end up buying free range eggs thinking they are contributing to improve the animal welfare standards from the supermarkets, however, they do not know that they are still purchasing the â€Å"industrialised† free range eggs, the free range version of these two big supermarkets. Even though it seems there are more disadvantages to small businesses and suppliers than there are advantages for us customers, it is not the number, but the quality of these advantages that count. This battle is far from the end, because it is not likely that the masses will stop shopping at Coles or Woolworths anytime soon. However, the ones that are more conscious about it can only expect that it will make a difference in the future, when the ACCC take strong measures or the political inaction ends, and someone who genuinely cares and is strong enough to change this is put in charge. In the meanwhile, we will keep enjoying the convenience to just walk for 10 minutes and find a shop, or receive rewards and discount on products and even fuel, and keep ignoring all the ones losing from this. In the end, it is a battle and someone will lose. If not the big duopolistic market, a part of the population will pay.

Oliver Cromwell as a Hero or Villain Essay examples -- History Ireland

The aim of this essay, is to answer the long-awaited question 'Was Oliver Cromwell a hero or a villain? This question, is a hard one to answer. James Heath once said "His name and memory stink." In opposition, Samuel Pepys said "People look back and praise him." True? Or Not? This essay will argue Edmond Ludlow's words," How glorious, but then such betrayal!" Oliver Cromwell was neither a hero nor a villain. The evidence and opinions gathered will state, how he went from good to bad, and from bad to evil. Oliver Cromwell, was a puritan gentleman from Huntingdon. He was born on the 25th of April 1599, and brought up in a very wealthy family, and a high social class. Cromwell, was an MP for Huntingdon, from 1628-1629. He had no fighting experience then, and was very worried about the Roundhead army, at the battle of Edgehill. Cromwell then went home to Huntingdon, and began to train his own army. Cromwell was a magnificent soldier. He created a whole new army from scratch, and he trained his army, in a special and unique way. Cromwell would do anything to win his battles, and beat Prince Rupert and if it meant making a whole new army, than so be it. To do this, he picked his people of their ability, 'men of spirit', and not on their status. He did this believing that this was right, as they were doing Gods will. It also made the people happy, and so he continued doing so. He also paid the men. He paid them 12D a day, so that encouraged more men to stay. He was a strict commander, and his orders had to be obeyed. Also, he always chose the right moment in a battle to attack. Some local Roundheads, thought that Cromwell should have ... ...er, but he just did what he felt he had to do. One thing which I agree on, is that he could have gone about it a different way. Also, I agree in one thing that he said, and also believed in. That was that "The end justifies the Means." What he meant by that, was that no matter what happens, something good always comes out at the end, and it's the end outcome that really matters. The words that I will leave you with, are the words of one Richard Baxter, a parliamentarian. We are not sure whether we can trust these words or not, as being a parliamentarian, he would have been a bit sympathetic to Cromwell, but it's quite reasonable. "No man was better and worse spoken of than he, he meant honestly, and was pious till power corrupted him, he thinketh that the end being good and necessary, the necessary means cannot be bad"

Case Study Gamestop Digital Firm Essay

1.  «GameStop » Digital Firm – Overview In my research I would like to point out gaming industry as a very profitable e-commerce sphere and as an example present a company named  «GameStop ».  «GameStop » was originally founded in 1984 in United States of America, as a small software retailer in Texas region. In 2009,  «GameStop » took a major step by initiating a digital growth strategy that incorporated a Nov. acquisition of Jolt Online Gaming, an Ireland-based publisher of free-to-play titles. In 2011, the company again carried out on its digital expansion strategy, obtaining streaming technology company â€Å"Spawn Labs† and digital sharing service â€Å"Impulse†. At the moment the company operates around 6,700 retail shops around the world and is commited to distribute great video games to customers, despite of how and where they play.  «GameStop » is ranked as one of the world’s largest multichannel game retailer. This organization offers consumers the most up to date hardware, game accessories for next generation video game systems and the PC. In addition, their buy, sell, trade politics creates value for customers while recycling products no longer being played. The motivation on why and to which extent the chosen firm is considered to be digitally operated is due to the fact, that  «GameStop » reported $290 million in sales from its â€Å"digital offerings,† which it said was up 61% year-over-year. That total, which includes sales of subscription cards for online video game services like Xbox Live, as well as PC downloads, still pales in contrast to the company’s general sales, which were around $9.47 billion. 2. Data stored in  «GameStop » database. CRUD model. Data that is stored in  «GameStop »Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s database contains following information: * Partners and contracts –gaming industry companies that sell their products throught the website * Projects – game concepts, ideas and future development. * Financial records – transactions between customers, partners etc. * Employee records – human resource information. * User/Buyer records – recordings of customers information, their transactions and searchings throughout the website. * Branch records – data about shops and servers that are located in other countries. The part that could be used to power a database enabled website of â€Å"GameStop† may contain following data: financial records, projects, partners and contracts, because through these data company is gaining most of its profit and opportunities for future development. Financial records, contracts and employee records are better to stay internal as they refer more to confidentiallity and most probably it is not needed to be shown on the website. On the Table 1, main users that have certain rights in â€Å"GameStop† are shown. It is necessary to point out the top management, it has all rights that could be engaged in the company’s database, in comparison with guest users, who has the right to read only. Employees have the right to create, read, update. IT technologists are provided with the same rights and gamers who a registered in the website are able to read and update information on the website of â€Å"GameStop†. 3. Two possible computer crimes affecting  «GameStop » digital company. Protection strategies. Two computer crimes could be identified affecting  «GameStop » company. The first and the most dangerous crime that could be pointed out is theft of identity. The second computer crime is Theft of Data. I would like to put emphasis on the fist computer crime – theft of identity. This crime could cause following security threats for the company, which is intrusion by hackers, phishing, spyware and social engineering. Hackers could intrude into the computer network of  «GameStop » and harm the content provided by the web site. Phishing is another threat that can occur; users might receive fake emails that seam to come from the company and try to capture private information about a specific account. Information about users might be secretly gathered while they are surfing the website, that would be a type of malware – spyware. Although the spyware does not specially suppose to to be dangerous for user, because cookies are used to remember infromation automatically by a brwoser and make it easier for customer to login into the website. Social engineering is a possible threat that is represented as shoulder surfing in this case. Someone can stand behind a user and secretly look at the password that he/she is typing. In order to protect its database,  «GameStop » various kinds of strategies and software: * Passwords – a strong 8 characters password that contains not only symbols, but also numbers and head letters. It is also necessary to change it once a month. * Firewall – a standard protection that combines hardware and software, that acts as a filter between private network and external computers. * Antivirus/Antispyware – a software that checks computers for presence of malware and viruses and often elimates it. * VPN – virtual private networks provide a secure channel through the Internet for transmitting messages and data using a private network. * Data Encryption – secure socket layer (SSL) manages secure transmission of transactins through the Internet. * Awareness – employees and users have to be aware of all possible dangers that can occur when using the database. Trainings for employees and warnings for users have to be in place. 4. Sources – http://paidcontent.org/2011/02/01/the-most-successful-digital-companies/13/ – http://www.gamestop.com/